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Yet, strength decline greatly exceeds mass decline. This indicates that aspects of muscle quality and architecture\u2014not reflected by mass\u2014also influence force generating capacity. Additionally, shape modeling enables analysis of the shape variations of muscles beyond size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To predict muscle strength using muscle features beyond muscle quantity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010four healthy subjects normally distributed over an age range between 30 and 79\u2009years old with a balanced sex distribution (12 female).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3\u2009T MRI using multi\u2010echo Dixon and Stejskal\u2010Tanner DTI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shape\u2010only and shape\u2009+\u2009architecture models were generated using water\u2010only and DTI images of the quadriceps. Multiple linear mixed\u2010effects models were produced using (1) volume, (2) shape\u2010only, and (3) shape\u2009+\u2009architecture. Volume was not added to the shape\u2010only and shape\u2009+\u2009architecture models. Features reaching statistical significance within the models were retained for further analysis. Models' performance was evaluated using leave\u2010one\u2010subject\u2010out (LOSO) cross\u2010validation (CV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pairwise, subject\u2010level bootstrapping comparison was conducted and \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and \u2206RMSE with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The improvement was considered statistically significant when both \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and \u2206RMSE are positive and the 95% CI did not contain zero. Positive \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and \u2206RMSE indicate an increase in\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and a decrease in RMSE values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Shape\u2010only features demonstrated an improvement in the model performance compared to muscle volume. Models were significantly improved for the vastus lateralis to predict eccentric torque\u2014\u2206\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.16 (0.01\u20130.29), \u2206RMSE\u2009=\u20095.0 (0.4\u20139.7); and for the vastus intermedius predicting isometric torque\u2014\u2206\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.19 (0.02\u20130.36), \u2206RMSE\u2009=\u20096.5 (0.7\u201312.0). Shape\u2009+\u2009architecture features did not significantly improve the performance (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.131).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shape\u2010only models are promising to quantify variations of muscle shape related to force production, and have the potential to develop imaging\u2010based biomarkers for muscle strength in diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stage 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  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