{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:03:04Z","timestamp":1789534984116,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thalamic volume loss is one of the most consistent neuroimaging findings in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the thalamus comprises multiple nuclei with distinct functions, and whether specific nuclei show differential vulnerability remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the characteristics of intra\u2010thalamic nuclear atrophy in T1DM and evaluate its association with disease duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3.0\u2009T\/T1\u2010weighted magnetization\u2010prepared\u2010rapid\u2010acquisition\u2010of\u2010gradient\u2010echo (MPRAGE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010two subjects with T1DM (18\u201368\u2009years, 17 males\/25 females) and 39 healthy controls (18\u201369\u2009years, 16 males\/23 females).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multi\u2010atlas\u2010based segmentation was used to quantify volumes of 20 thalamic nuclei. Additionally, volumes of anatomical and functional subregions were derived based on topographic and functional nuclear classifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Group differences were assessed using general linear models. Associations between thalamic volume loss and disease duration were evaluated via partial correlations and exponential regression models to estimate duration\u2010related atrophy rates.\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;\u20090.05 was considered significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants with T1DM showed significant bilateral reductions in total thalamic volume (left: 7.6%, Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.91; right: 8.0%, Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.95). The most pronounced atrophy was observed in the anterior, medial, and lateral thalamic subregions, with volume reductions of 15.8%, 8.6%, and 7.3%, respectively, particularly in cognition\u2010 and motor\u2010related nuclei (9.4% and 9.2%, respectively). Longer disease duration was significantly associated with smaller thalamic volumes in the bilateral whole thalamus (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>left<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.48 and\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>right<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.46), as well as in the Pul (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>left<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.64 and\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>right<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.57), VLp (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>left<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.39 and\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>right<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.38), and MD\u2010Pf nuclei (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>left<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.55 and\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>right<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.37), and in the left LGN (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.43). Estimated disease\u2010duration\u2013related annualized atrophy rates exceeded age\u2010related rates in several left\u2010sided nuclei, including the MD\u2010Pf (\u22120.67%), Pul (\u22120.69%), and LGN (\u22120.75%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T1DM is associated with spatially heterogeneous atrophy of thalamic nuclei, with preferential involvement of the anterior, medial, and lateral subregions. Disease duration seems to accelerate neurodegenerative changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stage 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1781778997000},"page":"1104-1114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thalamic Nuclei Atrophy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Across Disease Duration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital With 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