{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:45:31Z","timestamp":1791996331108,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Perivascular spaces (PVS) are compartments involved in brain waste clearance. PVS are commonly observed in typically developing (TD) children; however, their burden in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To investigate whether quantitative white matter (WM) PVS burden differs between children with ASD and TD controls using automatic segmentation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Type<\/jats:title>\n Observational.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population<\/jats:title>\n Ninety\u2010eight children with ASD (age range: 2\u20138\u2009years; mean age 4.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u2009years; 78M\/20F) and 38 TD children (age range: 2\u20138\u2009years; mean age 5.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009years; 23M\/15F).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n 3T; 3D T1\u2010weighted ultrafast gradient\u2010echo and 3D T2\u2010weighted turbo spin\u2010echo sequences.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Assessment<\/jats:title>\n Human Connectome Project pipeline was used to generate enhanced perivascular contrast (EPC) images. The Weakly Supervised Perivascular Spaces Segmentation algorithm was applied to EPC to segment PVS. PVS volume (WM\u2010PVSv) and count (WM\u2010PVSc) were quantified in total WM and six subregions (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic, and deepWM).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n \n Welch's\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010test, chi\u2010square test, and ANCOVA for group differences; Spearman's rank correlation for age, structural brain volumes, and PVS metrics exploratory correlations; multivariable linear regression for global PVS metrics, and linear mixed\u2010effects models for regional analyses, adjusted for age, sex, WM, and extra\u2010axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In the adjusted models, no significant differences between ASD and TD were observed, as the diagnostic group was not independently associated with either WM\u2010PVSv (ASD: 2.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ; TD: 2.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ;\n p\u2009=\u20090.228<\/jats:italic>\n ) or WM\u2010PVSc (ASD: 832\u2009\u00b1\u2009298; TD: 754\u2009\u00b1\u2009260;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.121), whereas WM volume was significantly associated with both metrics (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.012\u2009mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n for WM\u2010PVSv;\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.004\u2009mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n for WM\u2010PVSc). In both ASD and TD, frontal WM exhibited the highest WM\u2010PVScn (ASD: 37.0%\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9%; TD: 28.9%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6%), whereas deep WM showed the highest WM\u2010PVSvf (ASD: 0.010\u2009\u00b1\u20090.004; TD: 0.010\u2009\u00b1\u20090.003).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n PVS measures appear to reflect inter\u2010individual variability associated with WM volume. No evidence was found for WM\u2010PVS burden as an early\u2010childhood ASD biomarker.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n 3.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n Stage 3.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:15:14Z","timestamp":1783790114000},"page":"1227-1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["White Matter Perivascular Space Burden in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls: An Automated Quantitative\n MRI<\/scp>\n Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8003-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Girardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea Bosisio Parini Lecco 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