{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:45:31Z","timestamp":1791996331129,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01\u2010HL006213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01\u2010HL006213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01\u2010HL006257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01\u2010HL006257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The optimal velocity encoding limit (VENC) in phase contrast MRI is subject\u2010specific because it depends on peak flow rate and the presence of flow jets. Currently, VENC is set manually with limited prior knowledge of the peak velocity. Setting the correct VENC might improve measurement precision or shorten scan times.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate a workflow for autonomous selection of the optimal VENC without technologist interaction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Type<\/jats:title>\n Prospective and retrospective.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population<\/jats:title>\n The retrospective cohort included 254 scans from 113 patients (47\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u2009years, 58 female) and 18 healthy volunteers (34\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u2009years, 10 female). The prospective cohort included 5 patients with abnormal flow (47\u2009\u00b1\u200919\u2009years, 2 female) and 10 healthy volunteers (28\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009years, 6\u2009female).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n 1.5\u2009T, 0.55\u2009T; Cartesian gradient echo phase\u2010contrast sequence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Assessment<\/jats:title>\n A workflow has been designed to autonomously estimate and prescribe the optimal VENC. A 30s free\u2010breathing calibration scan was followed by automatic estimation of the maximum velocity (Vmax) in <\u20096\u2009s. The calculated optimal VENC was then automatically applied in the subsequent flow measurement without operator intervention. The target VENC:Vmax ratio was 1.1\u20131.25 according to consensus statements.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n \n Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, nonparametric two\u2010sided bootstrap with 90% confidence intervals, Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank test, paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010test. Holm correction was applied to prespecified pairwise comparisons.\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05 was considered significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Retrospective analysis demonstrated sub\u2010optimal VENC setting in 96.5% of examinations with a VENC:Vmax ratio [2.03, 2.13] (two\u2010sided bootstrap 90% confidence interval). In the prospective cohort, autonomous inline VENC selection yielded a mean VENC:Vmax ratio of 1.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10, significantly lower than subject\u2010invariant VENC settings (VENC\n 150<\/jats:sub>\n :Vmax\u2009=\u20091.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.31, VENC\n 200<\/jats:sub>\n :Vmax\u2009=\u20091.99\u2009\u00b1\u20090.41). Optimized VENC improved measurement precision, reducing velocity standard deviation by 41.9%\u2009\u00b1\u20098.0%, and enabling shorter scan time to approximately 1\/3 compared with default VENC 200\u2009cm\/s while maintaining equivalent velocity\u2010to\u2010noise performance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Inline autonomous VENC selection improved flow\u2010measurement precision, simplified the acquisition workflow, and reduced scan time at 0.55\u2009T.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n 2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n 1.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:21:56Z","timestamp":1786094516000},"page":"1461-1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autonomous Velocity Encoding (\n VENC<\/scp>\n ) Selection Improves Precision of Quantitative Flow Measurement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0565-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Daud\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Imaging Technology, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, NIH Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Ramasawmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Imaging Technology, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, NIH Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2852-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, NIH Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9870-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Franson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc Malvern Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9025-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunggun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Imaging Technology, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, NIH Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Tsakirellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Imaging Technology, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, NIH Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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