{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:11:15Z","timestamp":1790089875725,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebrovascular aging is characterized by progressive reductions in cerebral blood flow and vascular compliance. Although long\u2010term endurance exercise has been associated with improved brain health, its relationship with cerebrovascular aging remains incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess associations between long\u2010term endurance exercise and intracranial arterial structural and hemodynamic characteristics, and to determine whether these associations differ with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010one endurance runners (\u2265\u20095\u2009h\/week endurance exercise for \u2265\u20093\u2009years) and 51 matched sedentary controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intracranial four\u2010dimensional velocity\u2010encoded gradient echo sequence (4D Flow MRI) at 3.0\u2009T.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Luminal cross\u2010sectional area, blood flow, pulsatility index (PI), and resistive index (RI) were quantified in the bilateral internal carotid arteries and basilar artery. Total cerebral blood flow (TCBF) was calculated from these vessels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Univariable analysis was used to compare groups. Multivariable linear regression and linear mixed\u2010effects models were used to assess associations of age and long\u2010term endurance exercise with cerebrovascular structural and hemodynamic parameters, with additional testing for age\u2010by\u2010exercise interactions. A\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;\u20090.05 was considered significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Endurance runners had significantly higher TCBF than sedentary controls (586.2\u2009\u00b1\u200985.7 vs. 540.7\u2009\u00b1\u200985.6\u2009mL\/min). Older age was independently associated with lower cerebral blood flow (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22122.636\u2009mL\/min per year) and higher PI (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003 per year), whereas long\u2010term endurance exercise was independently associated with larger luminal cross\u2010sectional area (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.119\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and higher TCBF (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200952.929\u2009mL\/min) and higher vessel\u2010level blood flow (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919.313\u2009mL\/min). In addition, endurance exercise was associated with higher RI (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.054) but not PI (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026). No significant age\u2010by\u2010exercise interactions were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long\u2010term endurance exercise was associated with larger intracranial arterial luminal dimensions and higher cerebral blood flow, without significant differences in age\u2010related hemodynamic changes between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Stage of Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T07:59:00Z","timestamp":1788076740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intracranial Cerebrovascular Characteristics Associated With Long\u2010Term Endurance Exercise and Age\u2010Related Changes: A\n                    <scp>4D<\/scp>\n                    Flow\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2254-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingsong","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Magnetic Resonance, The Second Hospital &amp; Clinical Medical School Lanzhou University  Lanzhou 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