{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:47:49Z","timestamp":1791780469645,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR077452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR077452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantitative MRI (qMRI) requires quality assurance methods that reflect in\u00a0vivo conditions to ensure consistent measurements with low bias and high reproducibility over time, across multiple sites, and across different MRI scanner manufacturers and models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a musculoskeletal (MSK) relaxometry phantom that spans the T1 and T2 (and T1\u03c1 as an exploratory aim) ranges of articular cartilage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal phantom study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Phantom<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cylindrical phantom designed to fit within multiple knee coil configurations using dedicated support stands. The phantom contains 12 gel\u2010filled vials spanning T1 values of 300\u20131200\u2009ms, T2 values of 10\u2013100\u2009ms, and T1\u03c1 values of 20\u2013120\u2009ms, and an MR\u2010visible thermometer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3T; single\u2010echo spin\u2010echo T2; inversion\u2010recovery T1; spin\u2010lock prepared T1\u03c1 for NMR (spin\u2010lock frequencies 300\u20135000\u2009Hz) and MAPSS T1\u03c1 for MRI (spin\u2010lock frequency 500\u2009Hz).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NMR and two MRI systems from different vendors were used. A prototype phantom (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091), production phantoms (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912), and matched NMR samples were evaluated. NMR data acquired at multiple temperatures served as reference and enabled temperature correction of MRI measurements. The prototype phantom was scanned longitudinally (15 measurements over 725\u2009days) to assess stability, while production phantoms were scanned at a single timepoint to evaluate batch consistency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measurement variability and agreement were assessed using coefficients of variation (CVs), concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs), and Bland\u2013Altman analysis for NMR\u2013MRI comparison, longitudinal stability, batch consistency, and inter\u2010vendor reproducibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After temperature correction, longitudinal CVs were 1.1% (T1), 1.8% (T2), and 1.6% (T1\u03c1). Production phantoms showed inter\u2010phantom CVs of 0.8% (T1), 1.2% (T2), and 0.9% (T1\u03c1). NMR and MRI measurements demonstrated strong agreement (CCCs &gt;\u20090.99 for T1, T2, and T1\u03c1) with biases &lt;\u20096%. Inter\u2010vendor MRI comparisons yielded CCCs &gt;\u20090.99 for T1 and T2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The phantom demonstrated excellent stability and reproducibility with temperature correction, supporting its use for quality assurance in longitudinal and multisite qMRI studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stage 1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:38:54Z","timestamp":1791779934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Musculoskeletal\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    Relaxometry Phantom for\n                    <scp>T1<\/scp>\n                    ,\n                    <scp>T2<\/scp>\n                    , and\u00a0T1\u03c1 Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5440-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeehun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI) Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8788-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Russek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl F.","family":"Stupic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2619-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra M.","family":"Stoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Rutkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calimetrix  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4780-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Kammerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calimetrix  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-8114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean H.","family":"Brittain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calimetrix  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI) Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI) Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Imaging Institute Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000909","article-title":"Quantitative MRI for Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disease: Cartilage and Muscle Composition, Joint Inflammation, and Biomechanics in Osteoarthritis","volume":"58","author":"Eck B. 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