{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:24:01Z","timestamp":1792427041285,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Medical Radiation Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2018, ARPANSA published updated national DRLs for adult CT, which were first published in 2012, and augmented the national DRL categories. This paper presents the updated national DRLs and describes the process by which they were produced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Examine patient survey data submitted to the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) National Diagnostic Reference Level Service (NDRLS). Determine the quartiles of the distributions of median survey dose metrics with categorisation by procedure type. Engage a liaison panel representing the radiology professions to review procedure categories and recommend revised national DRLs. The revised NDRL procedure categories are: head (non\u2010contrast brain (trauma\/headache)), cervical spine (Non\u2010contrast (trauma)), soft\u2010tissue neck (post\u2010contrast (oncology)), chest (post\u2010contrast (oncology)), abdomen\u2013pelvis (post\u2010contrast (oncology)), kidney\u2013ureter\u2013bladder (non\u2010contrast (suspected renal colic)), chest\u2013abdomen\u2013pelvis (post\u2010contrast (oncology)) and lumbar spine (non\u2010contrast (degenerative pain)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The existing six procedure categories were revised and refined. Updated Australian national diagnostic reference levels for adult CT were recommended and endorsed for eight procedure categories: head (52\u00a0mGy\/880 mGycm), cervical spine (23\u00a0mGy\/470 mGycm),soft\u2010tissue neck (17\u00a0mGy\/450 mGycm), chest (10\u00a0mGy\/390 mGycm), abdomen\u2013pelvis (13\u00a0mGy\/600 mGycm), kidney\u2013ureter\u2013bladder (13\u00a0mGy\/600 mGycm), chest\u2013abdomen\u2013pelvis (11\u00a0mGy\/940 mGycm) and lumbar spine (26\u00a0mGy\/670 mGycm). The updated national DRLs are between 12 and 26% lower than the previous DRLs for dose\u2010length product and between 13 and 63% lower for volume computed tomography dose index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Australian national DRLs for adult CT have been reviewed and revised. The revised national DRLs are lower, better reflecting current practice among imaging facilities in Australia. The revised Australian national DRLs are similar to those in other developed countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T19:00:53Z","timestamp":1581361253000},"page":"5-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Updated Australian diagnostic reference levels for adult CT"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kam L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Yallambie Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Beveridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Yallambie Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Sanagou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Yallambie Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Yallambie Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.2.1760289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Survey of CT Practice in the UK. Part 3: Normalised Organ Doses Calculated Using Monte Carlo Techniques","author":"Jones DG","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Survey of CT Practice in the UK. Part 1: Aspects of Examination Frequency and Quality Assurance","author":"Shrimpton PC","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Survey of CT Practice in the UK Part 2: Dosimetric Aspects","author":"Shrimpton PC","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncs152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/15839549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/12568539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nct136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncq278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection.Managing Patient Dose in Multi\u2010detector Computed Tomography (MDCT). ICRP Publication 102.Elsevier 2007 86 p. Ann. ICRP 37(1)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.74.885.740785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Strahlenschutz.Bekanntmachung der aktualisierten diagnostischen Referenzwerte f\u00fcr diagnostische und interventionelle R\u00f6ntgenanwendungen 2016. [cited 2018 September 06]. Available from:https:\/\/www.bfs.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/BfS\/DE\/fachinfo\/ion\/drw-roentgen.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"WallaceAB HaytonA EdmondsK TingeyD.Utility of a Web Based Data Survey form for a National MDCT Radiology Practice Survey. Third European IRPA Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association. Helsinki Finland: IRPA 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"WallaceAB HaytonA ThomasP BeveridgeT.The 2011\u20132013 National Diagnostic Reference Level Service Report.Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Australia.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-013-0180-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection.Diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging. ICRP Publication 135.Sage 2017 144 p. Ann. ICRP 46.","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645317717209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Diagnostic Imaging Accreditation Scheme.Practice Accreditation Standards Part 1 \u2013 Organisational Standards. [cited 2019 October 18]. Available from:https:\/\/www1.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/di-DIAS-Prac-Accred-Standards-1-January-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency.Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. IAEA Safety Standards General Safety Requirements Part 3.IAEA Vienna 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"ARPANSA National Diagnostic Reference Level[cited 2018 September 05]. Available from:https:\/\/www.arpansa.gov.au\/research-and-expertise\/surveys\/national-diagnostic-reference-level-service\/current-australian-drls-update\/mdct"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"ShrimptonPC HillierMC MeesonS GoldingSJ.Doses from Computed Tomography (CT) Examinations in the UK \u2013 2011 Review.Public Health England Oxfordshire 2014 129 p. PHE\u2010CRCE\u2010013."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"YoonSW KimJ KimJ LeeSK Gyunggi\u2010DoKR ChungbukKR SeoulKR.Second Korean National CT Diagnostic Reference Levels in 14 CT Protocols. ECR 2018. [cited 2019 September 06]. Available from:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1594\/ecr2018\/C-2497."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Japan Network for Research and Information on Medical Exposures.Diagnostic Reference Levels Based on Latest Surveys in Japan \u2013 Japan DRLs 2015. J\u2010RIME; 2015. 17 p. [cited on 2018 September 06]. Available from:http:\/\/www.radher.jp\/J-RIME\/report\/DRLhoukokusyoEng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"104p","volume-title":"Community Affairs References Committee \u2013 Availability and Accessibility of Diagnostic Imaging Equipment around Australia","author":"Senate Community Affairs Committee Secretariat","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.Reference Levels and Achievable Doses in Medical and Dental Imaging: Recommendations for the United States.NCRP Bethesda 2013. 144 p. NCRP Report 172."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"RANZCR CT Image Review Self Audit. [cited 2019 December 05]. Available from:https:\/\/www.ranzcr.com\/fellows\/clinical-radiology\/quality-assurance-and-accreditation\/ct"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmrs.372","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmrs.372","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmrs.372","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmrs.372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T01:07:36Z","timestamp":1694048856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmrs.372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmrs.372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmrs.372","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-3895","2051-3909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-3895","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-3909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}