{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:49:53Z","timestamp":1786978193127,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Medical Radiation Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The hypoglossal nerve (HN) provides motor innervation to tongue muscles responsible for tongue movement, speech, mastication, swallowing, respiratory functions and management of oral secretions. Injury, compression, entrapment or lesions of the HN at any point along its path can result in HN palsy and subsequent dysphagia, dysarthria and tongue muscular atrophy. A combined imaging approach is required to investigate the HN and causes of HN palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging are used to investigate the intracranial HN and where it emerges in the upper neck. The extracranial HN can be assessed by sonographic imaging along with the muscles directly and indirectly innervated by the HN. Ultrasound imaging can be challenging without an appropriate understanding of the detailed relative anatomy of the HN and the muscles it innervates, the associated sonographic technique and sonographic appearances, all of which are outlined in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.70010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T13:07:41Z","timestamp":1752844061000},"page":"417-429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sonographic Anatomy and Imaging of the Extracranial Component of the Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4088-2645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Fenech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0961-2400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodie","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-9121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurelie R.","family":"Wishart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University  Nathan Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Office of the Chief Allied Health Practitioner, Metro North Allied Health  Herston Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1329-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF)  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8662-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Foster\u2010Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"I\u2010Med  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2022.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4494"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12762"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12116"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.06.011"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","article-title":"Hypoglossal Nerve Neuropathies\u2014Analysis of Causes and Anatomical Background","volume":"12","author":"W\u0119giel A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000557"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0719-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43081-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.6.1113"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-015-0054-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.315105062"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","article-title":"Isolated Unilateral Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy: A Study of 12 Cases","volume":"2","author":"Sharma B.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13233493"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otot.2022.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sono.12443"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2008.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268395"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000767"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","first-page":"348","article-title":"Shear Wave Elastography\u2014A New Quantitative Assessment of Post\u2010Irradiation Neck Fibrosis","volume":"36","author":"Liu K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultraschall in der Medizin\u2010European Journal of Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000452"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0697-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820959275"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22711"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajr.v27i1.2677"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-018-2110-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14242833"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22907"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12602"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04214-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.4122"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-0802-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","volume-title":"Cranial Nerves: In Health and Disease","author":"Wilson\u2010Pauwels L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000495"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivr056"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcr.2024.101029"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2014.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24789"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2017.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20584601221111701"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.016774"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(01)00399-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sono.12454"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.12.006"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2015.08.257","article-title":"Simultaneous Lingual and Hypoglossal Nerve Block: A Novel Technique","volume":"221","author":"Dinesh A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Surgeons"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmrs.70010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T07:17:51Z","timestamp":1764314271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmrs.70010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmrs.70010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmrs.70010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-3895","2051-3909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-3895","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-3909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}