{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:04:56Z","timestamp":1790766296809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Medical Radiation Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effective application of radiation protection principles is essential for minimising unnecessary radiation exposure and reducing associated risks to patients, personnel, and the public. This study investigated the application of radiation protection principles by diagnostic radiographers in Mpumalanga province, South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The quantitative cross\u2010sectional study employed stratified random sampling and an online questionnaire to collect data from diagnostic radiographers working in Mpumalanga hospitals. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The survey achieved a response rate of 85.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009125,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009146). Most participants (38.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200948) had 0\u20135\u2009years of work experience. Referral forms often lacked sufficient clinical history (64.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200981), with diagnostic radiographers frequently supplementing by assessing the body region of concern (49.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200960). Lack of communication between radiologists and diagnostic radiographers was noted when referrals were incomplete (31.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200936) or when requested examinations did not correspond with the clinical history (32.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200938). Most participants (66.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200981) felt undervalued due to hierarchical structures. Most X\u2010ray rooms had functional warning lights (80%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200984). Full lead shields (98.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009102) were widely accessible, and lead goggles (33.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200934) were the least accessible. Although most participants were issued with personal radiation monitoring devices (97.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200999), only 53.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200953) reported consistent use, and 33.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200932) received radiation dose readings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The application of radiation protection principles was inconsistent. Justification was achieved through referral assessment but was compromised by systemic barriers. Optimisation demonstrated suitable room designs but was limited by resource accessibility. Dose limitation was hindered by device usage and feedback despite high issuance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.70122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1790764148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Radiographers' Application of the Radiation Protection Principles of Justification, Optimisation and Dose Limits in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4683-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wandile Witness","family":"Mkhonza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-3006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shantel","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole Robyn","family":"Badriparsad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection","volume":"37","author":"ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection)","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of the ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organisation) \u201cIonising Radiation and Health Effects 2023 \u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/ionizing\u2010radiation\u2010and\u2010health\u2010effects."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) \u201cIAEA Safety Standards for Protecting People and the Environment: Radiation Protection and Safety in Medical Uses of Ionising Radiation 2018 \u201dhttps:\/\/www\u2010pub.iaea.org\/MTCD\/Publications\/PDF\/PUB1818_web.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"UK (United Kingdom) \u201cIonising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2024. 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