{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:58:56Z","timestamp":1791241136059,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Medical Radiation Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paediatric diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are dose levels for typical medical imaging examinations for broadly defined types of equipment with weight\u2010stratification preferred by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Australia has never published paediatric DRLs for general radiography. The aim of this study was to collect radiation dose metrics for commonly performed radiographic projections in children in Australia and propose weight\u2010based DRLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval was granted to collect data, along with a waiver of consent. Radiographs were acquired in accordance with local protocols using direct digital X\u2010ray equipment for children who presented for routine radiographic imaging. A spreadsheet was provided to each centre to record the patient's age and weight, as well as tube voltage and current\u2010time product, source\u2010to\u2010image distance, use of a grid, additional filtration, automatic exposure control chamber selection and the displayed air kerma area product (KAP). Facility reference levels (FRLs) were calculated as the median for each X\u2010ray unit based on data submitted for a minimum of three patients. The 75th percentiles of the FRLs across nine X\u2010ray units from five centres were calculated as the proposed Local DRLs (LDRLs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most commonly radiographed body parts in children were the chest, wrist, abdomen, elbow and foot. The proposed LDRLs range from 4\u2009mGy\u2022cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (oblique hand in 5\u201315\u2009kg) to 884\u2009mGy\u2022cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (antero\u2010posterior pelvis in 50\u201380\u2009kg).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimation of LDRLs for radiographs from a weight\u2010based patient study offers Australian reference values for guidance in the optimisation process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T04:56:06Z","timestamp":1739422566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proposed Diagnostic Reference Levels for Frequently Performed Paediatric Radiographic Examinations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5604-5369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edel","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Department of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Dimmock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Keele University School of Allied Health Professions and Pharmacy  Staffordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kam L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0506-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5473-055X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Bassed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Department of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine Academic Programs  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Council of European Union \u201cCouncil Directive 97\/43\/Euratom. 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