{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:46:28Z","timestamp":1760708788651},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Medical Radiation Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flattening filter\u2010free (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content>) radiation beams have recently become clinically available on modern linear accelerators in radiation therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the dosimetric impact of using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content> beams in intensity\u2010modulated radiotherapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMRT<\/jats:styled-content>) for early\u2010stage upper thoracic oesophageal cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven patients with primary stage upper thoracic oesophageal cancer were recruited. For each patient, two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMRT<\/jats:styled-content> plans were computed using conventional beams (Con\u2010P) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content> beams (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010P), respectively. Both plans employed a five\u2010beam arrangement and were prescribed with 64\u00a0Gy to (planning target volume) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTV<\/jats:styled-content>1 and 54\u00a0Gy to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTV<\/jats:styled-content>2 in 32 fractions using 6\u00a0MV photons. The dose parameters of the target volumes and organs at risks (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OAR<\/jats:styled-content>s), and treatment parameters including the monitor units (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MU<\/jats:styled-content>) and treatment time (TT) for Con\u2010P and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010P were recorded and compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTV<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTV<\/jats:styled-content>2 were higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010P than Con\u2010P by 0.4\u00a0Gy and 0.3\u00a0Gy, respectively. For the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OAR<\/jats:styled-content>s, all the dose parameters did not show significant difference between the two plans except the mean <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> of the lung in which the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010P was lower (46.7% vs. 47.3% and 39.1% vs. 39.6%, respectively). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010P required 54% more <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MU<\/jats:styled-content> but 18.4% less irradiation time when compared to Con\u2010P.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The target volume and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OAR<\/jats:styled-content>s dose distributions between the two plans were comparable. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010P was more effective in sparing the lung from low dose and reduced the mean TT compared with Con\u2010P. Long\u2010term clinical studies are suggested to evaluate the radiobiological effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFF<\/jats:styled-content> beams.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.93","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T12:56:04Z","timestamp":1421240164000},"page":"108-113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of the dosimetric impact of applying flattening filter\u2010free beams in intensity\u2010modulated radiotherapy for early\u2010stage upper thoracic carcinoma of oesophagus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Wuzhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhining","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weisheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peibo","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer 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