{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T17:31:00Z","timestamp":1760981460223,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Mass Spectrom."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u03b2\u2010thymosins have been known as actin\u2010sequestering proteins, but now are recognized as molecules with multiple and diverse intracellular and extracellular functions. Two closely related proteins, \u03b2\u2010thymosin<jats:sup>His<\/jats:sup> and \u03b2\u2010thymosin<jats:sup>Gln<\/jats:sup>, have been <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> sequenced by top\u2010down mass spectrometry in the common neurobiology model, <jats:italic>Aplysia californica.<\/jats:italic> As determined by nanoelectrospray quadrupole\u2010enhanced Fourier\u2010Transform mass spectrometry with collisionally activated and electron\u2010capture dissociations, both of these <jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic> \u03b2\u2010thymosins are acetylated and differ by a single residue in the central actin\u2010binding domain. Profiling of individual cells and tissue by matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass spectrometry reveals that these proteins are widely expressed in the <jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic> central nervous system, including in individual identified neurons, neuronal clusters, nerves and connective tissues. Newly identified \u03b2\u2010thymosin<jats:sup>His<\/jats:sup> and \u03b2\u2010thymosin<jats:sup>Gln<\/jats:sup> are also detected by mass spectrometry in hemolymph, and in releasates collected from whole ganglia. When applied exogenously, \u03b2\u2010thymosin proteins, purified from nerve cell extract, support the anchoring of neurons, and increase neurite sprouting and total neurite outgrowth in culture. These positive effects on neurite regeneration in cell culture suggest that the \u03b2\u2010thymosin proteins have an extracellular function in the central nervous system of <jats:italic>Aplysia californica<\/jats:italic>. Copyright \u00a9 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T09:16:22Z","timestamp":1156151782000},"page":"1030-1040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Identification and characterization of homologues of vertebrate \u03b2\u2010thymosin in the marine mollusk <i>Aplysia californica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Romanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanislav S.","family":"Rubakhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Jakubowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne P.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil L.","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan V.","family":"Sweedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Beta\u2010thymosin modulates the actin cytoskeleton during neuronal growth","volume":"10","author":"Roth LWA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00633-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1301"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Vitamins and Hormones\u2013Advances in Research and Applications","author":"Bubb MR","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Vitamins and Hormones\u2014Advances in Research and Applications","author":"Hannappel E","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.7.1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(85)16016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(00)00087-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20041"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/71002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0086n.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.2003.11105.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009041911493"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0121fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890310004101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(98)00094-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(98)00880-2"},{"volume-title":"Abstract Viewer\/Itinerary Planner","year":"2002","author":"Romanova EV","key":"e_1_2_5_21_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10221"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.19.10313"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09409.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20645"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2004.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0499489"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0231(199611)10:14<1839::AID-RCM718>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-09-01008.1981","article-title":"Neurite outgrowth in molluscan organ and cell cultures: the role of conditioning factor(s)","volume":"1","author":"Wong RG","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi970185v"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.797"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02941895"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)38:2<163::AID-CM5>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1387(199707)3:4<282::AID-PSC119>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(92)90361-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2830385"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(20000501)77:2<277::AID-JCB10>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20606.x","article-title":"Interactions of beta\u2010thymosins, thymosine beta(4)\u2010sulfoxide, and N\u2010terminally truncated thymosin beta(4) with actin studied by equilibrium centrifugation, chemical cross\u2010linking and viscometry","volume":"230","author":"Huff T","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)81322-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1996.0133"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98676-X","article-title":"Rat thymosin beta 4 gene. Intron\u2010containing gene and multiple retroposons","volume":"266","author":"Varghese S","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00452-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)85010-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0713com"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024938325032"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1296-1322"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00715.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1970.33.6.865"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480120406"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00862-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.128.4.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC82","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-13-j0001.2000","article-title":"Presynaptic morphological changes associated with long\u2010term synaptic facilitation are triggered by actin polymerization at preexisting varicositis","volume":"20","author":"Hatada Y","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10514","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10514.2002","article-title":"One\u2010trial in vitro conditioning regulates a cytoskeletal\u2010related protein (CSP24) in the conditioned stimulus pathway of Hermissenda","volume":"22","author":"Crow T","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.3110"}],"container-title":["Journal of Mass Spectrometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjms.1060","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jms.1060","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T15:08:26Z","timestamp":1760627306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jms.1060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jms.1060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jms.1060","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-5174","1096-9888"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1076-5174"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1096-9888"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}}}