{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:46:20Z","timestamp":1791639980750,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Mass. Spectrom."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, the accurate liquid chromatography\u2010ultraviolet\u2010visible (LC\u2010UV\u2010Vis), LC\u2010mass spectrometry (MS) and LC\u2010MS\u2010MS analysis of the photo\u2010degradation products of crystal violet (CV) is reported. CV is a light fugitive early synthetic dye which had a widespread diffusion into the market starting from the end of the XIX century and was used among others by V. Van Gogh and P. Gauguin in their writings, drawings or paintings. On\u2010line photodiode array detector enabled simultaneous UV\u2010Vis spectra acquisition. Many degradation compounds were identified through their exact mass (2\u2009ppm accuracy) and MS\u2010MS technique. In particular, all CV demethylated products, demethylated Michler's ketone and particularly some compounds that most likely contain oxygen, such as N\u2010oxides, were found. Fragmentation products are all justified by the proposed fragmentation scheme, in term of precursor exact mass and isotopic profile, characteristic losses in fragmentation and rebuilt structure formula. In particular, we hypothesized the presence of N\u2010imido oxides and hydroxylamine derivates, never reported before, together with the demethylated derivatives of the studied dyes. All these compounds, although at trace level in our samples, contribute to the discoloration and fading of works of arts made with CV. In particular, demethylation of CV by UV light leads to formation of compounds absorbing at shorter wavelengths than CV (blue shift) or no\u2010absorbing in visible range (yellow\u2010colourless) with an overall effect that may appear reddish\u2010brown. This phenomenon justifies drawings appearing grey or brown on aged yellowed paper, when CV\u2010based inks or paints were used. The final aim was to better characterize the photo\u2010degradation of early synthetic dyes (in particular of CV) and to gain a better insight into the discoloration and fading of purple ink strokes made of CV. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1355407084000},"page":"1660-1670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Application of LC\u2010MS and LC\u2010MS\u2010MS to the analysis of photo\u2010decomposed crystal violet in the investigation of cultural heritage materials aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Favaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova  via Marzolo, 1 35131 Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Confortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova  via Marzolo, 1 35131 Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pastore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova  via Marzolo, 1 35131 Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinarosa","family":"Brustolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova  via Marzolo, 1 35131 Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012011","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/231\/1\/012011","article-title":"Crystal violet: study of the photo\u2010fading of an early synthetic dye in aqueous solution and on paper with HPLC\u2010PDA, LC\u2010MS and FORS","volume":"231","author":"Confortin D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/recl.19330521202","article-title":"L'Influence du Pn sur le Colorants Amid\u00e9s du Triph\u00e9nylm\u00e9thane et la D\u00e9composition de ces Colorants par la Lumi\u00e8re","volume":"52","author":"Henriquez P.C.","year":"1933","journal-title":"Recl. Trav. 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