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However, it fails to distinguish closely related species with overlapping genetic features. This is the case of\n \n Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n Bacillus cytotoxicus<\/jats:italic>\n , two members of the\n \n B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n group with distinct pathogenic profiles. While\n \n B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , a well\u2010known opportunistic pathogen involved in intestinal and extraintestinal infections, produces the tissue\u2010destructive exoenzymes hemolysin BL (HBL), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), and cytotoxin K (CytK\u20102) as well as the plasmid\u2010encoded emetic toxin cereulide, the thermotolerant species\n B. cytotoxicus<\/jats:italic>\n is primarily characterized by producing cytotoxin K\u20101 (CytK\u20101), implicated in severe diarrheal outbreaks. Despite these differences, genomic data alone often fail to clearly differentiate the two species. Moreover, these bacteria primarily exist as highly resilient spores in environmental samples, further complicating their identification using traditional methods and hindering accurate classification and risk assessment. This distinction becomes particularly relevant in the context of biowarfare. The\n \n B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n group includes strains that possess genetic elements similar to\n \n Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , the causative agent of anthrax, and some\n \n B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n strains can acquire virulence plasmids, making them capable of causing anthrax\u2010like infections. Misidentification or delayed differentiation of these resilient bacteria at spore level is of severe consequences in the event of a biological attack or an accident, where rapid and accurate detection is critical for an effective and timely response. Here, we show that FT\u2010ICR\u2010MS\u2013based untargeted metabolomics enables\n \n B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n B. cytotoxicus<\/jats:italic>\n discrimination, while providing critical insights into spore\u2010specific metabolomic signatures, ultimately contributing to improved microbial forensics and bio\u2010surveillance strategies.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:53:08Z","timestamp":1781085188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding Biothreats With FT\u2010ICR\u2010MS: Metabotyping of\n \n Bacillus cereus<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n Spores Through Untargeted Metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FT\u2010ICR and Structural Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL) Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biol\u00f3gica e Qu\u00edmica (UMLDBQ) Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL) Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biol\u00f3gica e Qu\u00edmica (UMLDBQ) Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Vestec Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Sousa Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FT\u2010ICR and Structural Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FT\u2010ICR and Structural Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Federal Select Agent Program \u201cHHS and USDA Select Agents and Toxins \u201d accessed: Apr. 9 2026. 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