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Human caliciviruses were detected and characterized by a type\u2010common enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) and reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) followed by cloning and sequencing. Twenty (95%) and 14 (67%) outbreaks were positive by EIA and RT\u2010PCR, respectively, and 12 RT\u2010PCR\u2010positive outbreaks were also confirmed by sequencing. Comparative sequence analysis revealed 13 Norwalk\u2010like virus sequences in the 12 outbreaks, including 11 Norwalk\u2010like virus genogroup II (seven in Hawaii\u2010like, two Lordsdale\u2010like, one Melksham\u2010like, and one Hillingdon\u2010like) and two Norwalk\u2010like virus genogroup I (related to Southampton\u2010like and Desert Shield\u2010like clusters) viruses. Multiple Norwalk\u2010like virus clusters, with a predominance of Hawaii\u2010like viruses, played an important role in nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks during the study period. This is the first country\u2010wide molecular epidemiological investigation of human calicivirus\u2010associated, gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary and Central\u2010Eastern Europe. J. Med. Virol. 68:390\u2013398, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T22:56:53Z","timestamp":1034117813000},"page":"390-398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of human calicivirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary, 1998 to 2000"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Reuter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Berke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Matson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Sz\u00fccs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.1.64-71.1995","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round\u2010structured (Norwalk\u2010like) viruses by reverse transcriptase PCR and Southern hybridization","volume":"33","author":"Ando T","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199708)52:4<419::AID-JMV13>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.12.959"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Viral agents of gastroenteritis: public health importance and outbreak management","volume":"39","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1990","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Magyarorsz\u00e1g 1999. \u00e9vi j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny\u00fcgyi helyzete. 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