{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:39:14Z","timestamp":1791027554727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,16]],"date-time":"2002-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1039996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucosal secretory IgA is considered to have an important role in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV\u20101) transmission through sexual intercourse. Therefore, substances that induce HIV\u20101\u2010specific IgA antibody in the genital tract may become promising candidates for prophylactic vaccine against HIV\u20101 infection. We have previously reported that concanavalin A\u2010immobilized polystyrene nanospheres (Con A\u2010NS) could efficiently capture HIV\u20101 particles and gp120 antigens on their surface and that intravaginal immunization with inactivated HIV\u20101\u2010capturing nanospheres (HIV\u2010NS) induced vaginal anti\u2010HIV\u20101 IgA antibody in mice. In this study, various strategies for immunization with HIV\u2010NS were undertaken to induce HIV\u20101\u2010specific IgA response in the mouse genital tract. HIV\u2010NS were administered intravaginally, orally, intranasally or intraperitoneally to mice. Progesterone treatment enhanced the anti\u2010HIV\u20101 IgA response to intravaginal immunization significantly, but intranasal immunization with HIV\u2010NS was more effective compared with other immunization routes in terms of vaginal IgA response. In addition, vaginal washes from intranasally immunized mice were capable of neutralizing HIV\u20101<jats:sub>IIIB<\/jats:sub>. Thus, application of HIV\u2010NS is a practical approach to promote HIV\u20101\u2010specific IgA response by the vaginal mucosa in the mouse and intranasal appears to be an effective immunization route in this animal model. Intranasal immunization with HIV\u2010NS should be further pursued for its potential as an HIV\u20101 prophylactic vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 69:163\u2013172, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]],"date-time":"2003-05-01T02:01:56Z","timestamp":1051754516000},"page":"163-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Mucosal immunization with inactivated HIV\u20101\u2010capturing nanospheres induces a significant HIV\u20101\u2010specific vaginal antibody response in 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