{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:16:18Z","timestamp":1790226978719,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,7]],"date-time":"2005-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7433,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>The bivalent form of an aqueous formalin\u2010inactivated hepatitis B vaccine was evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in chimpanzees. To evaluate safety five animals were inoculated intravenously with vaccine containing 500 \u03bcg HBsAg and two animals with 50 \u03bcg. None of these animals developed hepatitis or any serologic marker indicative of the presence of residual live vims in the vaccine.<\/jats:p>Twenty\u2010four animals were used to evaluate immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Seven of these immunized animals produced weak or no anti\u2010HBs responses. Two doses of 50 \u03bcg HBsAg given subcutaneously 1 month apart protected each of four animals that were challenged with 103.5<\/jats:sup> CID50<\/jats:sub> HBV at 6 and 12 months after immunization and protected three of four animals challenged at 24 months against development of hepatitis or HBsAg. Three of 4 animals in each group immunized with two doses of 20, 10, or 5 \u03bcg HBsAg were similarly protected when challenged 6 months after immunization.<\/jats:p>Thirteen of 20 immunized animals that did not develop HBsAg after challenge with HBV developed anamnestic anti\u2010HBs or anti\u2010HBc responses between 2 and 18 months after challenge, indicating minimal replication of challenge virus. The time of onset and frequency of occurrence of these delayed responses was related to the titer of anti\u2010HBs at the time of challenge.<\/jats:p>False positive Ausab test results were observed in quarantined chimpanzees. These were neither preceded by appearance of HBsAg nor accompanied by development of anti\u2010HBc. In most cases these reactions were due to a reactant having a sedimentation coefficient and an electrophoretic mobility resembling that of IgM. This reactant generally did not appear to confer resistance to challenge with HBV.<\/jats:p>The humoral immune response was characterized as being entirely of the IgM class 2 weeks after immunization and switched entirely into the IgG class by 10\u201312 weeks after vaccine administration. At the time of challenge all animals with antibody had anti\u2010HBs of subtype a.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890150410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1172837156000},"page":"399-419","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A final report on safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent aqueous subunit HBV vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"A. M.","family":"Prince","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Brotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. H.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Gerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"PrinceAM(1981):The use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. In: \u201cTrends in Bioassay Methodology. In Vivo In Vitro and Mathematical Approaches.\u201d U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services. N.I.H. Publication No. 82\u20132382 pp81\u201398."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Viral Hepatitis","author":"Purcell RH","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Viral Hepatitis","author":"Prince AM","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Hepatitis B Vaccine","author":"Prince AM","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80089-9","article-title":"Subtype of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody by radioimmunoassay","volume":"72","author":"Hoofnagle JH","year":"1972","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Hepatitis and Blood Tranfusion","author":"Prince AM","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197509000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.4.5.763-768.1969","article-title":"Biophysical properties of Australia antigen","volume":"4","author":"Gerin JL","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.7.5.569-576.1971","article-title":"Australia antigen: Large\u2010scale purification from human serum and biochemical studies of its proteins","volume":"7","author":"Gerin JL","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.4.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.5.714"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890020405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197201000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890090109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890060403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","volume-title":"Minimal Requirements for Hepatitis B Vaccine","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"403","volume-title":"Hepatitis and Blood Transfusion","author":"Prince AM","year":"1972"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmv.1890150410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.1890150410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1697924410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.1890150410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,8]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.1890150410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.1890150410","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,8]]}}}