{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1784193817929,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,11]],"date-time":"2005-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7468,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antibody development after natural rubella infection and rubella vaccination has been followed in 802 sera from 493 patients and 71 sera from 22 vaccinees. Also examined were 67 sera from 28 infants with rubella embryopathy and sera from 50 children with presumed prenatal infection. In addition, 777 sera from 641 patients tested for routine rubella diagnosis were studied. Anamnestic information was available from all these patients. These sera were assayed for IgM antibody detection by sucrose density gradient (SDG), the commercial ELISAs (Enzygnost IgG Rubazyme), and the noncommercial anti\u2010my\u2010hemadsorption immunosorbent technique (HIT). For the determination of IgG antibodies the hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI), the commercial ELISAs (Enzygnost IgG, Rubazyme), and a single radial hemolysis test (SRH) were used. The SDG and HIT were less sensitive for IgM antibody detection than the two ELISAs, particularly when IgM concentrations were low. In total 26.5% of the IgM results with the newer tests were discordant with SDG, but only 0.5\u20133% of these results were not explicable when the clinical data was considered. Problems were encountered with all IgM assay systems used. For the detection of rubella antibodies after acute infection and vaccination the ELISA Enzygnost IgG was as sensitive as the HAI whereas the ELISA Rubazyme and SRH detected antibodies with some delay. Corresponding results with all tests were found more than 25 days after acute infection and more than 50 days after vaccination. All methods can be used for detection of antibodies in infants with rubella embryopathy. The results of this study suggest that certain combinations of tests can be used for the reliable detection of rubella infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890160303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T12:09:27Z","timestamp":1172837367000},"page":"219-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparison of various serological methods and diagnostic kits for the detection of acute, recent, and previous rubella infection, vaccination, and congenital infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gisela","family":"Enders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Knotek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Pacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"The presence of anti\u2010globulin in sera from different clinical conditions","volume":"3","author":"Almeida JD","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur Group Rapid Viral Diagn News Letter"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6097.1263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(84)90044-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(82)90055-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Rubella infections","volume":"1","author":"Enders G","year":"1984","journal-title":"Medical Lab (Behringwerke) suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EndersG(1985a): Detection of IgM antibodies against rubella virus: Comparison of two indirect ELISAs and an anti\u2010my\u2010EIA.J Med Virol in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890190410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69943-6_20"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","article-title":"Serological test combinations for safe detection of rubella infections. International Symposium on the Prevention of Congenital Rubella, Washington March 13\u201315, 1984","volume":"7","author":"Enders G","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"EndersG BiberM(1985): Reactivity for rubella\u2010 and cytomegalo\u2010specific IgM in sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis.J Clin Microbiol submitted for publication."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EndersG KnotekF(1985): Comparison of the performance and reproducibility of various serological methods and diagnostic kits for the detection of rubella antibodiesJ. Virol. 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