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Analysis of both intracellular and extracellular viral DNA revealed that this clone exhibited the main steps of the replication process previously found in normal hepatocyte primary cultures experimentally infected in vitro. Indeed, relaxed\u2010circular, covalently closed circular, and single\u2010stranded forms of viral DNA were identified in the cells together with complete virions and immature cores in the medium. Furthermore, the ability of these secreted particles to infect normal human hepatocyte cultures was established. These E4 cells were used to evaluate the effect of various soluble factors on HBV replication. Corticosteroids and, to a greater extent, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) increased intracellular viral DNA, whereas insulin reduced it dramatically. Parallel changes in the amounts of viral DNA secreted in the medium were observed. Measurement of the albumin secretion rate indicated that cellular and viral activities could be regulated, at least in part, in a coordinated manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890280316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T16:57:37Z","timestamp":1172854657000},"page":"193-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Regulation by dimethylsulfoxide, insulin, and corticosteroids of hepatitis b virus replication in a transfected human hepatoma cell 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