{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:19:57Z","timestamp":1761153597129},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,7]],"date-time":"2005-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5029,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunoglobulins are plasma derivatives with a low risk of transmitting viral infections. To the present, no proven case of human immunoglobulins transmitting human immunodeficiency viruses has been reported. However, there have been a few reports on the transmission of hepatitis C virus by these plasma proteins. To improve further the safety of both 5s iv human immunoglobulins and 7s im immunoglobulins, we introduced a 10\u2010hour heat treatment of the aqueous solutions a t 60\u00b0C (i.e., pasteurization) into the manufacturing procedure. This treatment was not added to the manufacturing procedure of 7s iv immunoglobulin that already contained the S\u2010sulfonation as a virus inactivating method. We now report on experimental data that show that the whole manufacturing procedures of the above immunoglobulins inactivate efficiently hepatitis C virus and that the specific virus inactivation methods alone, namely, pasteurization or S\u2010sulfonation, also inactivate completely viruses of the flavivirus family, to which the hepatitis C virus belongs. The inactivation of the Flaviviridae bovine viral diarrhea virus, tick\u2010borne encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus by pasteurization or S\u2010sulfonation was at least 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>. The clearance of HCV achieved by the entire manufacturing process of each of these immunoglobulins was also at least 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>. The experiments therefore show that pasteurization or S\u2010sulfonation provides a high margin of safety to human immunoglobulins regarding the transmission of hepatitis C virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890360311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T21:09:28Z","timestamp":1172869768000},"page":"209-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Virus safety of human immunoglobulins: Efficient inactivation of hepatitis C and other human pathogenic viruses by the manufacturing procedure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nowak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens\u2010Peter","family":"Gregersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Klockmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry Bill","family":"Cummins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Hilfenhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90016-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Safety of therapeutic immune globulin preparations with 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