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Serum was examined from cases of acute B19 infection (as defined by serum anti\u2010B19 IgM positivity) (n\u2009=\u200984), and in normal persons (n\u2009=\u200943) for B19 markers (serum B19 antibodies and DNA), rheumatoid factor (RF), and antinuclear antibody (ANA). A panel of cytokines\/chemokines was measured in duplicate using the Bioplex Protein Array system (BioRad Hemel Hempstead, UK). These included interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2), IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201013, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3), macrophage chemoattractant protein\u20101 (MCP\u20101), granulocyte\u2010monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM\u2010CSF), transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b21 (TGF\u2010\u03b21), endothelin\u20101 (ET\u20101), and neopterin. Acute symptomatic infection was characterised by specific IgG positivity (83%), serum B19 DNA positivity (96%), and raised levels of IL\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IFN\u2010\u03b3, MCP\u20101, GM\u2010CSF, TGF\u2010\u03b21, and ET\u20101. Patients with acute B19\u2010associated arthritis were found to have lower levels of IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and GM\u2010CSF than patients without arthritis, while those with rash had lower levels of TGF\u2010\u03b21. It is concluded that cytokine levels following acute symptomatic infection with parvovirus B19 indicate a state of immune activation. The profile of circulating mediators may provide insights into the possible pathogenesis of particular clinical manifestations of this infection. J. Med. Virol. 74:147\u2013155, 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,13]],"date-time":"2004-07-13T14:06:11Z","timestamp":1089727571000},"page":"147-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Circulating cytokines and chemokines in acute symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection: Negative association between levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and development of B19\u2010associated arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria S.","family":"Cunniffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.S.","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek L.","family":"Mattey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.2.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199910)42:10<2039::AID-ANR3>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103223441207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.21.9903-9910.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Parvovirus\u2014Like particles in human sera","volume":"1","author":"Cossart YE","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(93)90051-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10346"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318819"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000236491"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.1974-1979.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-10-2341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313712"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000133455"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00110-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(02)00027-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526.31.4.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-12-3011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"595","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and arthralgia following parvovirus B19 infection","volume":"29","author":"Kerr JR","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.10.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60618-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400115"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199803)28:03<936::AID-IMMU936>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Parvovirus infection of endothelial cells and its possible role in vasculitis and autoimmune diseases","volume":"29","author":"Magro CM","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.12.8485-8491.1996","article-title":"K. 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