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Monthly testing of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and assessment of HCV RNA and anti\u2010HCV antibodies if the ALT activity was elevated, identified 14 new infections in 7 different units, giving an incidence of 0.4% new HCV infections per year. Molecular analyses and epidemiological data indicated that five patients became infected with HCV outside the unit where they were dialyzed, while the nine remaining patients acquired HCV from infected patients on dialysis during the same shift at the same unit. HCV was cleared in six of the seven (85.7%) patients with acute hepatitis C who were given standard doses of alpha\u2010interferon (\u03b1\u2010IFN). The persistence of nosocomial transmission of HCV in hemodialysis units emphasizes the need to implement infection control practices. Identifying new infections is crucial because \u03b1\u2010IFN treatment results in long term clearance of HCV RNA in a large proportion of patients. J. Med. 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