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In the present study, we analyzed the relationships between these factors and clarified their significance. Forty\u2010five carriers were examined for anti\u2010HTLV\u20101 and anti\u2010Tax antibody by ELISA. In addition, 43 of the 45 carriers with HLA\u2010A*0201 and\/or A*2402 were examined for frequency of Tax\u2010specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) using HTLV\u20101\/HLA tetramers, and 44 were examined for proviral load by real\u2010time PCR. The relationships between these factors were analyzed statistically. The frequencies of Tax11\u201019 and Tax301\u2010309\u2010specific CTLs were significantly higher in the anti\u2010Tax antibody\u2010positive group as compared with the antibody\u2010negative group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002 and 0.033, respectively). Anti\u2010HTLV\u20101 antibody titer had a positive correlation with proviral load (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019), whereas anti\u2010Tax antibody did not show a significant correlation. Higher frequencies of both Tax11\u201019 and Tax301\u2010309\u2010specific CTLs are related to a reduction in proviral load (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.017 and 0.015, respectively). Synergistic interactions of humoral and cellular immunity against Tax protein were demonstrated in HTLV\u20101 carriers. Tax\u2010specific CTL may reduce HTLV\u20101 proviral load to prevent asymptomatic carriers from developing adult T\u2010cell leukemia\/lymphoma. J. Med. Virol. 79:977\u2010986, 2007. \u00a9 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]],"date-time":"2007-05-22T06:17:35Z","timestamp":1179814655000},"page":"977-986","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Anti\u2010HTLV\u20101 tax antibody and tax\u2010specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte are associated with a reduction in HTLV\u20101 proviral load in asymptomatic 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