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To further understand inflammation in the airways following infection, we tested for the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and natural tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) in primary and established human cell lines, and in the nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) of human infants infected with RSV or PIV. Using ELISA and multiplex\u2010based assays, MMP\u20109 and TIMP\u20101 proteins were, respectively, detected in 66\/67 and 67\/67 NPS. During PIV or RSV infection TIMP\u20101 concentrations were associated with hypoxic bronchiolitis. TIMP\u20101 amounts were also negatively correlated with O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> saturation, and positively correlated with IL\u20106, MIP\u20101\u03b1, and G\u2010CSF amounts following RSV infection. IL\u20106, MIP\u20101\u03b1, and G\u2010CSF were negatively correlated with O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> saturation during RSV infection. Acute respiratory tract disease was not associated with MMP\u20109 protein\/protease activity. Additional studies using real\u2010time quantitative PCR suggested that MMP\u20109 mRNA copy numbers were elevated in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells infected with RSV, while TIMP\u20101 and TIMP\u20102 were not increased. However, ELISA did not reveal MMP\u20109 protein in the NHBE cell culture supernatants. Hence, the data implied that airway epithelial cells were not the primary source of MMP or TIMP following paramyxovirus infection. Taken together, the data suggested that paramyxovirus infection perturbs MMP\u20109\/TIMP\u20101 homeostasis that in turn may contribute to the severity of respiratory tract disease. J. Med. Virol. 79:447\u2013456, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]],"date-time":"2007-02-20T21:46:32Z","timestamp":1172007992000},"page":"447-456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase\u20101 in the respiratory tracts of human infants following paramyxovirus infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Sr","given":"Robert C.","family":"Welliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd S.","family":"Laughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin 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