{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:13:16Z","timestamp":1790143996379,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,18]],"date-time":"2008-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1200614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV\u20101) and human T\u2010cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV\u20101 and \u20102) are retroviruses that share similar routes of transmission and some individuals may have a dual infection. These co\u2010infected subjects may be at increased risk for tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV\u20101\u2010associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM)\u2010like. To study the prevalence of tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV\u20101\u2010associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM) among co\u2010infected HIV\u20101\/HTLV\u20101 subjects. Since July 1997, our group has been following a cohort to study the interaction of HTLV with HIV and\/or hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as HTLV\u20101\u2010only infected asymptomatic carriers or those already presenting with TSP\/HAM. During these 9 years, 296 HTLV\u20101\u2010infected individuals were identified from a total of 538 patients who were referred to our clinic at the Institute of Infectious Diseases \u201cEm\u00edlio Ribas,\u201d in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. All subjects were evaluated by two neurologists, blinded to the HTLV status. TSP\/HAM diagnosis was based on Kagoshima diagnostic criteria. Results: A total of 38 HIV\u20101\/HTLV\u20101 co\u2010infected subjects were identified in this cohort: Twenty\u2010six had already been diagnosed with AIDS and 12 remained asymptomatic. Six of 38 co\u2010infected subjects (18%) were diagnosed as having TSP\/HAM and also AIDS, and for 5 of them TSP\/HAM was their first illness. One additional incident case was diagnosed after 2 years of follow\u2010up. No modifications on HIV\u20101 viral load was seen. In contrast, the co\u2010infected with TSP\/HAM\u2010like group showed higher HTLV\u20101 proviral load (505\u2009\u00b1\u2009380 vs. 97\u2009\u00b1\u2009149 copies\/10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> PBMC, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009= 0.012) than asymptomatic co\u2010infected subjects, respectively. The incidence of myelopathy among HIV\u20101\/HTLV\u20101 co\u2010infected subjects is probably higher than among patients infected only with HTLV\u20101, and related to a higher HTLV\u20101 proviral load. Thus, HTLV\u20101\/2 screening should be done for all HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients in areas where HTLV\u20101 infection is endemic. J. Med. Virol. 80:392\u2013398, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,19]],"date-time":"2008-01-19T01:51:04Z","timestamp":1200707464000},"page":"392-398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Presence of tropical spastic paraparesis\/human T\u2010cell lymphotropic virus type 1\u2010associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM)\u2010like among HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Casseb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto C\u00e9sar Penalva","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Paulina Posada","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Montanheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Bonasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Meilman Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerusa","family":"Smid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Jos\u00e9 da Silva","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890440205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422146"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1190-c"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200110190-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Revision of the surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1987","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201750251990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01730366"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372180-8.50043-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.6.1466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1995.35395184284.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-11-933"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"AIDS and neurology. 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