{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:14:48Z","timestamp":1790234088316,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,27]],"date-time":"2009-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe neurological disorder due to JC virus (JCV) infection. Pre\u2010diagnostic biological markers and risk factors for PML are not well understood. We conducted a case\u2013control study nested within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study to examine the association between JCV viruria and viremia and serum antibody to JCV capsids, in relation to subsequent PML diagnoses, 5 months to 12 years later. Other demographic and immunologic factors were also examined. The study population included 28 incident cases of PML, 26 matched HIV\u2010positive controls, and 50 HIV\u2010negative controls. Prevalence of JCV viruria was 37% in cases, 42% in HIV\u2010positive controls, and 28% in HIV\u2010negative controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.43). Among persons with JCV viruria, persistent viruria was more common in cases (89%) than in HIV\u2010positive controls (33%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). Presence of JCV viruria was not related to the time to PML diagnosis (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.8\u20131.4); however, the urinary concentration of JCV DNA increased with proximity to the date of PML diagnosis in cases. JCV seropositivity did not differ between cases or controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.42). Four cases tested JCV seronegative, including one case only 5 months prior to diagnosis with PML. JCV DNA was detected in the serum of one HIV\u2010positive control. Smoking was the only demographic variable analyzed associated with an increased risk for PML (MOR: 9.0, 95% CI: 1.2\u2013394.5). The results suggest that persistent JCV viruria and increasing urinary concentration of JCV DNA may be predictive of PML for some patients. J. Med. Virol. 81:1140\u20131150, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]],"date-time":"2009-05-28T00:11:40Z","timestamp":1243469500000},"page":"1140-1150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Investigation of pre\u2010diagnostic virological markers for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael P.","family":"Viscidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Margolick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa 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