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In this study, the complete envelope (E) protein sequences and phylogenetic classification of 72 TBE viruses found in <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks sampled at 39 foci throughout Switzerland were analyzed. All isolates belonged to the European subtype and were highly related (mean pairwise sequence identity of 97.8% at the nucleotide and 99.6% at the amino acid level of the E protein). Sixty\u2010four isolates were characterized in vitro with respect to their plaque phenotype. More than half (57.8%) of isolates produced a mixture of plaques of different sizes, reflecting a heterogeneous population of virus variants. Isolates consistently forming plaques of small size were associated with recently detected endemic foci with no or only sporadic reports of clinical cases. All of six virus isolates investigated in an in vivo mouse model were highly neurovirulent (100% mortality) but exhibited a relatively low level of neuroinvasiveness, with mouse survival rates ranging from 50% to 100%. Therefore, TBE viruses circulating in Switzerland belong to the European subtype and are closely related. In vitro and in vivo surrogates suggest a high proportion of isolates with a relatively low level of virulence, which is in agreement with a hypothesized high proportion of subclinical or mild TBE infections. J. Med. Virol. 83:853\u2013863, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,16]],"date-time":"2011-03-16T13:01:43Z","timestamp":1300280503000},"page":"853-863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Phylogenetic and virulence analysis of tick\u2010borne encephalitis virus field isolates from Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Rahel","family":"G\u00e4umann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"R\u016f\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"M\u00fchlemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Strasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Beuret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.7.5605-5612.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81783-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.22.10912-10922.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.003245"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"A simple micro\u2010culture method for the study of group B arboviruses","volume":"40","author":"De Madrid AT","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"DrummondAJ AshtonB BuxtonS CheungM CooperA HeledJ KearseM MoirR Stones\u2010HavasS SturrockS ThiererT WilsonA.2010.Geneious Pro v. 4.8.5. 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