{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:19:53Z","timestamp":1791296393618,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,18]],"date-time":"2012-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in respiratory inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It was hypothesized that MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 may function as biological markers to assess disease severity in viral lower respiratory tract infections in children. MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and granulocytes obtained in both the acute and recovery phase from 153 children with mild, moderate, and severe viral lower respiratory tract infections were determined using real\u2010time PCR. In addition, MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 concentrations in blood and nasopharyngeal specimens were determined during acute mild, moderate, and severe infection, and after recovery using ELISA. Furthermore, PBMCs and neutrophils obtained from healthy volunteers were stimulated with RSV, LPS (TLR4 agonist), and Pam3Cys (TLR2 agonist) in vitro. Disease severity of viral lower respiratory tract infections in children is associated with increased expression levels of the MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 genes in both PBMCs and granulocytes. On the contrary, in vitro experiments showed that MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 mRNA and protein expression in PBMCs and granulocytes is not induced by stimulation with RSV, the most frequent detected virus in young children with viral lower respiratory tract infections. These data indicate that expression levels of the MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 genes in both PBMCs and neutrophils are associated with viral lower respiratory tract infections disease severity. These observations justify future validation in independent prospective study cohorts of the usefulness of MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 as potential markers for disease severity in viral respiratory infections. J. Med. Virol. 84:1471\u20131480, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T19:52:20Z","timestamp":1343073140000},"page":"1471-1480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Use of MMP\u20108 and MMP\u20109 to assess disease severity in children with viral lower respiratory tract infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Kim H.","family":"Brand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge M.L.","family":"Ahout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"de 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