{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:08:19Z","timestamp":1791317299857,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Institute of Kyung Hee University","award":["20070672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20070672"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Persistence of RNA viruses is often, but not always, associated with the production of defective interfering (DI) particles. To investigate possible roles of DI particles and helper viruses in RNA virus persistence, persistent infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was established in baby hamster kidney (BHK\u201021) cells. At the 6th and 7th serial undiluted passages of JEV on BHK\u201021 cells, viral persistence was established spontaneously with DI RNA generation. Seven cell clones exhibiting persistent infection were obtained from the initial BHK\u201021 cell batches exhibiting JEV persistence, and maintained for over 400 days. Most cell clones produced infectious particles (10<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009PFU\/ml) continuously, expressed viral proteins, and resisted homologous superinfection. Two helper viruses, chvBS6\u20103 and chvBS7\u20101, were isolated from two of the seven cell clones, and characterized to investigate their roles in JEV persistence. While chvBS6\u20103 was restored to its full cytopathicity in the absence of DI RNA, chvBS7\u20101 exhibited almost no cytopathicity, regardless of DI RNA co\u2010replication. Attenuation of chvBS7\u20101 did not appear to be due to inadequate adsorption or genome replication, but due to inefficient egress of the assembled progeny virions, suggesting altered helper virus emergence during JEV persistence in BHK\u201021 cells. These observations suggest that at least two mechanisms are involved in JEV persistence; a DI RNA\u2010dependent mechanism, where DI RNA co\u2010replication nullifies the helper virus's cytopathicity, or a DI RNA\u2010independent mechanism, where the helper virus is self\u2010attenuated. This study provides a useful in vitro tool for understanding the mechanisms underlying RNA virus persistent infections.<jats:bold><jats:italic>J Med. Virol. 85:1990\u20132000, 2013<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:bold>\u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T20:34:39Z","timestamp":1374006879000},"page":"1990-2000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Integrative effect of defective interfering RNA accumulation and helper virus attenuation is responsible for the persistent infection of Japanese encephalitis virus in BHK\u201021 cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Soo Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunmi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Seok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(82)90405-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.55.2.366-373.1985","article-title":"Defective interfering virus particles modulate virulence","volume":"55","author":"Cave DR","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-11-2705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(94)90022-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.803","article-title":"Nucleotide and amino acid changes in west Nile virus strains exhibiting renal tropism in hamsters","volume":"73","author":"Ding X","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Characterization and E protein expression of mutant strains during persistent infection of KN73 cells with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"115","author":"Feng G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.17.3.805-815.1976","article-title":"Factors involved in the generation and replication of rhabdovirus defective T particles","volume":"17","author":"Holland JJ","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/226325a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00660-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.3.2474-2482.1998","article-title":"Characterization of defective viral RNA produced during persistent infection of vero cells with murray valley encephalitis virus","volume":"72","author":"Lancaster MU","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00303-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019447"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9844","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.12.9844-9854.1998","article-title":"Antiapoptotic but not antiviral function of human bcl\u20102 assists establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus persistence in cultured cells","volume":"72","author":"Liao CL","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8535-8544.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.11.5480-5491.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Defective interfering viruses and their potential as antiviral agents","volume":"20","author":"Marriott AC","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev MedVirol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-2-381"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.9.6757-6764.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.34.100180.003155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68123-3_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-3-573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890400412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.24.2.580-589.1977","article-title":"Persistent infection of cultured mammalian cells by Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"24","author":"Schmaljohn C","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.10.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-65-2-333"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80314-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.48.3.676-684.1983","article-title":"Evolution of virus and defective\u2010interfering RNAs in BHK cells persistently infected with Sindbis virus","volume":"48","author":"Weiss B","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/s1016-8478(23)12908-6","article-title":"Characterization of homologous defective interfering RNA during persistent infection of vero cells with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"21","author":"Yoon SW","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80169-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg270"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80638-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmv.23665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.23665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T20:16:55Z","timestamp":1715717815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.23665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.23665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.23665","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]]}}}