{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:42:38Z","timestamp":1775151758904,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KAKENHI-20406012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI-20406012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RONPAKU-DOST-11027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RONPAKU-DOST-11027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>A concentrated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic might have started in the Philippines. A subsequent characterization of viruses was carried out to estimate HIV transmission modes. Most HIV strains from injecting drug users belonged to subtype\u2010B. CRF\u201001 was a major subtype harbored by three other at\u2010risk populations: male visa applicants who had sex with men, \u201cmen who have sex with men,\u201d and visa applicants. An HIV phylogeny suggested that two strain groups of injecting drug users and others circulated separately. In contrast, there was substantial genetic overlap between two strain groups from \u201cmen who have sex with men\u201d and visa applicants. Mean nucleotide distance within strains was shorter among subtype\u2010B strains harbored by the injecting drug users (0.010) than among CRF\u201001 strains of the other three populations: male visa applicants who had sex with men (0.034), \u201cmen who have sex with men\u201d (0.023), and visa applicants (0.032). Closely related strains of hepatitis C virus were derived from not only HIV\u2010positive but also \u2010negative individuals. These results suggest that there is potential for transmission from visa applicants to \u201cmen who have sex with men,\u201d and that once HIV occurs in injecting drug users, it spreads rapidly among them. Close contacts of hepatitis C virus carriers composed of HIV\u2010negative and \u2010positive individuals indicated ongoing HIV spread via blood and possible intervention points. Large\u2010scale analysis is needed to provide more precise information on the transmission directions and to help curb the growth of this HIV epidemic in the Philippines. <jats:bold><jats:italic>J. Med. Virol. 85:2057\u20132064, 2013<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T22:22:39Z","timestamp":1376950959000},"page":"2057-2064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Possible HIV transmission modes among at\u2010risk groups at an early epidemic stage in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth Freda O.","family":"Telan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory STD AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory San Lazaro Hospital Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genesis May J.","family":"Samonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health National Epidemiology Center Manila 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