{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:23:28Z","timestamp":1791959008061,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health's Fogarty International Center","award":["1 D43 TW007585-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 D43 TW007585-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Norovirus is one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis among children in developing countries. No data on the prevalence and genetic variability of norovirus are available for Pakistan, where early childhood mortality due to acute gastroenteritis is common. We tested 255 fecal specimens from children under 5 years of age hospitalized between April 2006 and March 2008 with severe acute gastroenteritis in five hospitals in the four largest cities in Pakistan for norovirus by real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR. Positive samples were further genotyped by conventional RT\u2010PCR targeting the 5\u2032\u2010end of the capsid gene followed by sequencing of the positive PCR products. Overall, 41 (16.1%) samples tested positive for norovirus with an equal frequency in rotavirus\u2010positive and rotavirus\u2010negative samples. Nine (22%) samples were genogroup (G)I positive, 30 (73%) GII positive and two (5%) samples contained a mixture of GI and GII viruses. Sequence analyses demonstrated co\u2010circulation of 14 norovirus genotypes including four GI genotypes (GI.3, GI.5, GI.7, GI.8) and 10 GII genotypes (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.5, GII.6, GII.7, GII.9, GII.13, GII.16, and GII.21). The most prevalent genotypes were GI.7 and GII.4 both causing 12.2% of the infections. This report confirms the presence of multiple norovirus genotypes in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Pakistan and a lack of clear predominance of GII.4 viruses. <jats:bold><jats:italic>J. Med. Virol. 88:216\u2013223, 2016<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T18:20:20Z","timestamp":1436898020000},"page":"216-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Genetic characterization of norovirus strains in hospitalized children from Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Amna","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohail A.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering Lahore University of Management Sciences Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Vinj\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan"},{"name":"Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Global Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation North Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075922"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23578"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Fields' virology","author":"Green KY","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1548-1557.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-0996-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108221"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00404-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810001731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1206589"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20084"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0948-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-011-9071-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23589"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States","volume":"17","author":"Vega E","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01535-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"WHO.2012. 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