{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:51:59Z","timestamp":1778057519379,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer occurring in up to 3% of the world's population. Parenteral exposure to HCV is the major mode of transmission of infection. Once established, infection will persist in up to 85% of individuals with only a minority of patients clearing viremia. Egypt has possibly the highest HCV prevalence in the world where 10\u201320% of the general population are infected with HCV. Endemic HCV appears to be concentrated in the tropics and sub\u2010tropics where there are higher biting rates from insects. The question as to whether a bridge vector transmission is possible, via arthropods, both between humans and\/or from an animal reservoir to humans is explored. Mechanical transmission, as opposed to biological transmission, is considered. Mechanical transmission can be an efficient way of transmitting an infection, as effective as biological transmission. Probability of transmission can increase as to the immediate circumstances and conditions at the time. Several factors may enhance mechanical transmission, including high levels of microbes in the vector, frequent biting, the close proximity, and contact between vectors and recipients as well as high density of insects. HCV has been isolated from bodies or heads of mosquitoes collected from the houses of HCV\u2010infected individuals. The possibility of enzootic cycles of HCV tangential transmission via bridging vectors, such as, arthropods needs to be further investigated and possible animal reservoirs, including domestic rural epizootic cycles for HCV infection, requires further research with particular initial emphasis on equine infections.<jats:bold><jats:italic>J. Med. Virol. 89:187\u2013194, 2017<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:bold>\u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]],"date-time":"2016-07-22T21:12:48Z","timestamp":1469221968000},"page":"187-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring the possibility of arthropod transmission of HCV"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Annwyne","family":"Houldsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry Plymouth University Plymouth United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003462"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00375-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01957-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2862-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107612108"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00250-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4591852"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00017-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80033-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.06.010161.002103"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3353-3355.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801005179"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.554"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(55)90015-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240004451X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq102"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/321237"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","first-page":"656","article-title":"Vector competence of the stable fly [Diptera: Muscidae] for West Nile virus","volume":"48","author":"Doyle MS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diptera"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003438"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Does schistosomiasis play a role in the high sero prevalence of HCV antibody among Egyptians","volume":"18","author":"el\u2010Zayadi AR","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","unstructured":"EvenhuisNL PapeT PontAC ThompsonFC editors.2008. 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