{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T22:21:36Z","timestamp":1775600496100,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]],"date-time":"2017-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Little is known about penile carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPV and EBV, and the methylation status of p16<jats:sup>ink4a<\/jats:sup> in penile cancer samples, and to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for penile cancer development. HPV DNA was detected in 63.6% of 122 cases, with HPV16 being the most prevalent type. EBV DNA was detected in 47.7%, with EBV\u20101 being the most prevalent type. HPV\/EBV co\u2010infections were found in 27.3% of the cases. Hypermethylation in p16<jats:sup>ink4a<\/jats:sup> was detected in 64.5% of 110 tested cases. An association between the absence of HPV absence and p16<jats:sup>ink4a<\/jats:sup> hypermethylation was also found. Death and\/or progressive disease was associated with grade (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), T stage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and N stage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). In the multivariable model, grade and N stage were independent risk factors for disease\u2010free survival (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). Patients without viral infection had a median age significantly lower than that of the HPV\u2010infected patients. We suggest at least two pathways for penile carcinogenesis, one HPV\u2010independent linked to epigenetic events, probably via p16<jats:sup>ink4a<\/jats:sup> inactivation; and another, dependent on HPV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]],"date-time":"2017-04-12T18:03:10Z","timestamp":1492020190000},"page":"1837-1843","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Human papillomavirus, Epstein\u2010Barr virus, and methylation status of p16<sup>ink4a<\/sup> in penile cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Larissa Alves","family":"Afonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Biomedical Institute Federal Fluminense University  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Nahoum","family":"Carestiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Biomedical Institute Federal Fluminense University  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6497-511X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Augusto","family":"Ornellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Urology Brazilian National Cancer Institute and Hospital M\u00e1rio Kr\u00f6eff  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Ornellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory Department of Pathology  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas (PGCM) Rio de Janeiro State University  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willker Menezes","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Biomedical Institute Federal Fluminense University  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thaissa Isaias","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Biomedical Institute Federal Fluminense University  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Ceperuelo","family":"Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Biomedical Institute Federal Fluminense University  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilda Brown","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory Department of Pathology  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Research Coordination Brazilian National Cancer Institute  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia Maria Baeta","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Biomedical Institute Federal Fluminense University  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0293-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/812368"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-008-0302-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Penile cancer. 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