{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:56:55Z","timestamp":1780099015082,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105922"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\/99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/99"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>We investigated how the natural course of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) may evolve during HIV co\u2010infection and long term HBV\u2010active HAART. From a cohort of 181 HIV infected patients who were consecutively recruited over a 5 year period, 28 HBV co\u2010infected patients with sequential sera (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200998) were identified. Iterative HBV serology and viral loads were determined before and during treatment. The viral HBsAg gene was then serially amplified, directly sequenced, and molecularly characterized. Persistent detection of anti\u2010HBs did not result in a modification to the clinical course of OBI. In contrast, reactivation of chronic HBV infection, hepatic enzymatic flares and cases of HBV reinfection were evident among anti\u2010HBs negative OBI patients, and this was a notable finding. Of the 14 chronic HBV infected patients, eight progressed to persistent OBI after initiation of HBV\u2010active HAART, increasing the number of patients with OBI in the study. Long term HBV\u2010active HAART was not found to have a notable impact on low level viremia during OBI. While the HBsAg gene sequences isolated from chronic HBV infection were genetically stable over time, OBI\u2010associated variants (sP111R, sT127P, sY161F) were neither stable nor predominant during the course of infection. This study is the first of its kind from South Africa to show the occurrence of hepatic enzymatic flares, HBV reactivation, and reinfection in HAART\u2010exposed HIV co\u2010infected patients with OBI. Among the cases studied, there was further evidence that OBI\u2010associated variants may not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of OBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1507006367000},"page":"291-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evolution of the serologic and virologic course of occult HBV infection in therapy experienced HIV co\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3913-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edina","family":"Amponsah\u2010Dacosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Medunsa Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selokela G.","family":"Selabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Medunsa Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8172-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maphahlaganye J.","family":"Mphahlele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Medunsa Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection.2015. 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