{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T12:07:11Z","timestamp":1745496431202,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, is an exclusively human virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus, which includes many other viral species covering a wide range of mammal hosts, such as vaccinia, cowpox, camelpox, taterapox, ectromelia, and monkeypox virus. The tempo and mode of evolution of Orthopoxviruses were reconstructed using a Bayesian phylodynamic framework by analysing 80 hemagglutinin sequences retrieved from public databases. Bayesian phylogeography was used to estimate their putative ancestral hosts. In order to estimate the substitution rate, the tree including all of the available Orthopoxviruses was calibrated using historical references dating the South American variola minor clade (alastrim) to between the XVI and XIX century. The mean substitution rate determined by the analysis was 6.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u20106<\/jats:sup> substitutions\/site\/year. Based on this evolutionary estimate, the time of the most recent common ancestor of the genus Orthopoxvirus was placed at about 10\u2009000 years before the present. Cowpox virus was the species closest to the root of the phylogenetic tree. The root of VARV circulating in the XX century was estimated to be about 700 years ago, corresponding to about 1300 AD. The divergence between West African and South American VARV went back about 500 years ago (falling approximately in the XVI century). A rodent species is the most probable ancestral host from which the ancestors of all the known Orthopoxviruses were transmitted to the other mammal host species, and each of these species represented a dead\u2010end for each new poxvirus species, without any further inter\u2010specific spread.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]],"date-time":"2018-02-15T11:26:56Z","timestamp":1518694016000},"page":"1134-1141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bayesian reconstruction of the evolutionary history and cross\u2010species transition of variola virus and orthopoxviruses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianguglielmo","family":"Zehender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d University of Milan Milan Italy"},{"name":"Coordinated Research Center \u201cEpiSoMI\u201d University of Milan Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3174-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Veo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Bergna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3866-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Ciccozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"1460","volume-title":"Smallpox and its Eradication","author":"Fenner F","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Galen and the Antonine plague","volume":"94","author":"Littman RJ","year":"1973","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"380","volume-title":"Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History","author":"Hopkins DR","year":"1983"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00089-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"The galenic plague: a breakdown of the imperial pathocoenosis. Pathocoenosis and longue duree","volume":"27","author":"Gourevitch D","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hist Phil Life Sci"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.026"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.10.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141049"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19565-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2004.12.008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","DOI":"10.1159\/000090790"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2136653100"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-67"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"273","volume-title":"The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses","author":"Fenner F","year":"1994"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.10.014"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031100"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1208124"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"706","volume-title":"History of Chinese Medicine: Being a Chronicle of Medical Happenings in China from Ancient Times to the Present Period","author":"Wong KC","year":"1936"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.9783\/9781512818086","volume-title":"The Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox in England and France","author":"Miller G","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","article-title":"Smallpox","author":"Dixon CW","year":"1962","journal-title":"Churchill"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","first-page":"327","volume-title":"The Camel and the Wheel","author":"Bulliet RW","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"844","volume-title":"The Oxford Companion to Archaeology","author":"Fagan BM","year":"1996"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188836"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0196"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn083"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.8.754"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi103"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000520"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.058"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.603"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12536"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001615"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","first-page":"669","article-title":"An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe","volume":"43","author":"Wehrle PF","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Smallpox as an actual biothreat: lessons learned from its outbreak in ex\u2010Yugoslavia in 1972","volume":"52","author":"Ristanovic E","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"A Treatise on the Small\u2010Pox and Measles","author":"Greenhill WA","year":"1848"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Lendas Da India","author":"Corr\u00eaa G","year":"1864"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Two hundred and fifty years of small pox in London","volume":"45","author":"Guy WA","year":"1882","journal-title":"JSTOR"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023086"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.12.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00760.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb04969.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002423"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003799"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0170"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"[Isolation of poxvirus (Poxviridae, Orthopoxvirus, the cowpox complex) from the root vole Microtus (M.) oeconomus Pal. 1776 in the forest tundra of the Kola Peninsula]","volume":"33","author":"L'Vov SD","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vopr Virusol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01195-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Pox\u2010like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Pv Magnus","year":"1959","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90748-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.131329"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0716"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.070219-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700330317"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","first-page":"704","article-title":"Mousepox in the Netherlands","volume":"31","author":"Osterhaus AD","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.6.677"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02797-14"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30445-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0603"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810378649"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.161643"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmv.25055","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.25055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T06:51:02Z","timestamp":1695538262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.25055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.25055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0146-6615"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1096-9071"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]}}}