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With this aim, 5 different data sets of hepatitis A virus sequences were built to perform genotyping by the neighbor\u2010joining method to estimate the evolutionary rates by using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach and to investigate the demographic history by independent Markov chain Monte Carlo runs enforcing both a strict and relaxed clock. The estimated mean value of the evolutionary rate, representing Ia and Ib strains, was 1.21\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> and 2.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> substitutions\/site\/year, respectively. The Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree of hepatitis A virus (HAV) Ia and Ib strains showed that Italian sequences mostly formed separate clusters. The root of the time for the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for HAV Ia and Ib strains dated back to 1981 and to 1988, respectively, showing in both cases different epidemic entrances. Phylodynamic analysis showed that genotype Ia increased in 1997, when the Apulia epidemic started, then suffered a bottleneck, probably consequent to vaccination and to the herd immunity, followed by a new increase in virus population in the years 2013\u20102014\u00a0consequent to the epidemic caused by the ingestion of mixed frozen berries. A similar trend without an evident bottleneck was observed also in the case of genotype Ib. In conclusion, the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis represents a good tool to measure the effectiveness of the public health plans used for HAV control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T14:59:56Z","timestamp":1525791596000},"page":"1493-1502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genotype I hepatitis A virus introduction in Italy: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to date different epidemics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Virology University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Angeletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Fogolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aletheia","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Scolamacchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Spoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Bazzardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Igiene degli Alimenti Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3174-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. 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