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Viral persistence is considered the main risk factor for neoplastic progression and evidence suggests that regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in the failure of viral elimination. The aim of this study was to detect phenotypic markers of Treg and cytokines interleukin (IL)\u201010 and transforming growth factor (TGF)\u2010\u03b2, in the cervical microenvironment of HPV\u2010infected patients. One hundred and one samples of uterine cervix embedded in paraffin were analyzed. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the coexpression of the CD25\/FOXP3 and CD4\/TGF\u2010\u03b2 markers, and the expression of GITR and IL\u201010 in cells present in the cervical stroma. We detected a microenvironment composed of high proportions of CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FOXP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TGF\u03b2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, IL\u201010<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and GITR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells in samples with high viral loads and severe lesions of HPV\u2010infected patients. The abundance of these markers, indicative of the presence of Treg cells and immunosuppressive cytokines, was significantly associated with severe lesions and elevated viral loads in the examined samples. These results suggest that Treg cells may be involved in maintaining a microenvironment favorable for viral persistence and neoplastic progression. Our findings support those of previous studies that suggested that these markers could be used to predict HPV persistence and neoplastic progression, and as potential targets for immune response modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T16:05:03Z","timestamp":1536336303000},"page":"317-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Detection of regulatory T cell phenotypic markers and cytokines in patients with human papillomavirus infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Camila M.","family":"Bonin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul  Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cacilda T. 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