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In addition, existing evidence suggests a link between antiretroviral regimens and endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to examine whether the associations of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with endothelial dysfunction may be modified by cocaine use in adults with HIV infection. Between 2003 and 2014, 466 HIV\u2010positive participants residing in Baltimore, Maryland, were enrolled in a study investigating comorbidities associated with HIV\/ART. The associations between various risk factors and endothelial dysfunction indicators were examined by robust regression models fitted for the overall subjects and cocaine subgroups, separately. Duration of nonnucleoside reverse\u2010transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)\u2010based therapy was negatively associated with plasma vWF:Ag levels in cocaine non\u2010users (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212.715, SE\u2009=\u2009.220, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). However, cocaine users on longer\u2010term NNRTI\u2010based regimens had greater plasma endothelin\u20101 (ET\u20101) concentrations than their counterparts (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.003, SE\u2009=\u2009.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). In addition, current cigarette smoking was significantly positively associated with ET\u20101 concentrations in both cocaine non\u2010users (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.609, SE\u2009=\u2009.164, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and cocaine users (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.331, SE\u2009=\u2009.086, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). In conclusion, cocaine use modified the potential effects of NNRTI\u2010based therapy on biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggested that reduction in cocaine use may improve endothelial function in HIV\u2010infected cocaine users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T04:00:52Z","timestamp":1559188852000},"page":"1660-1667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cocaine use modifies the association between antiretroviral therapy and endothelial dysfunction among adults with HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6171-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins 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