{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:16:09Z","timestamp":1788344169170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, many countries, including China, have experienced a series of type A and O foot\u2010and\u2010mouth disease virus (FMDV) epidemics, causing serious economic losses. Although concerns about the safety of inactivated FMD vaccines have been raised, the development of a safe and effective subunit vaccine is necessary. We constructed two chimeric virus\u2010like particles (VLPs; rHBc\/AO and rHBc\/AOT VLPs) displaying tandem repeats of B cell epitopes (VP1 residue 134\u2010161 and 200\u2010213) derived from type A and O FMDV and one T cell epitope (3\u2009A residue 21\u201035) using the truncated hepatitis B virus core (HBc) carrier. Our results indicate that the chimeric HBc can self\u2010assemble into VLPs with these FMDV epitopes displayed on the surface. Immunization with the chimeric VLPs induced specific IgG and neutralization antibodies against type A and O FMDV in mice. Compared with the commercial type A\/O FMDV bivalent inactivated vaccine, rHBc\/AO and rHBc\/AOT VLPs significantly stimulated the production of Th1 type cytokines (IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u20102), whereas Th2 cytokine production (IL\u20104 and IL\u201010) was decreased. Compared with rHBc\/AO, rHBc\/AOT induced increased Th2 cytokine and specific IgG production. These results demonstrate that the VLPs constructed in the current study induced both humoral and cellular immune responses and may represent potential bivalent VLP vaccines targeting both FMDV type A and O strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T09:36:13Z","timestamp":1564133773000},"page":"2142-2152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Artificially designed hepatitis B virus core particles composed of multiple epitopes of type A and O foot\u2010and\u2010mouth disease virus as a bivalent vaccine candidate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4299-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinar\u00a0y Etiological Biology, OIE\/National Foot\u2010and\u2010Mouth Disease 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