{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:25:27Z","timestamp":1790256327365,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics and T\u2010helper 1 (Th1)\/Th2 profile of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection in children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, compared with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In September 2013 to August 2014, 335 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children below 14 with bronchiolitis and pneumonia were screened for HRV and 13 other respiratory viruses by PCR or reverse transcription PCR. Interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3, interleukin (IL)\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 were detected by multiplex enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. HRVs were found in 66 cases (19.7%), including 35 bronchiolitis and 31 pneumonia cases. Compared with the RSV alone group, children with pneumonia had more frequent wheezing episodes in HRV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.001) and HRV\u2009+\u2009non\u2010RSV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.002) groups, and fever in the HRV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.004) and HRV\u2009+\u2009RSV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.005) groups. Among patients with bronchiolitis, cases with HRV alone were more likely to present in winter than those with RSV alone (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.010) and HRV\u2009+\u2009non\u2010RSV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>j<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.014), and less numerous in summer compared with HRV\u2009+\u2009non\u2010RSV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.005). Children with HRV alone were more susceptible to have a history of eczema than RSV alone among bronchiolitis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and pneumonia (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.033) cases. HRV bronchiolitis cases had increased IL\u20104\/IFN\u2010\u03b3 and decreased TNF\u2010\u03b1\/IL\u201010 ratios, compared with HRV pneumonia counterparts. HRV is a major non\u2010RSV pathogen causing hospitalization in children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia and induces an imbalanced Th1\/Th2 response in bronchiolitis. Compared with RSV infection, HRV bronchiolitis and pneumonia differ significantly regarding wheezing episodes, susceptibility to eczema, fever occurrence, and seasonal prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T09:06:59Z","timestamp":1567415219000},"page":"26-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical and Th1\/Th2 immune response features of hospitalized children with human rhinovirus infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4126-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin\u2010hui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Nanjing University Medical School  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Digestive Department Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing 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