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Here, we attempt to explain why vaccines, mainly against viruses other than human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, are still unavailable. They include human herpesviruses other than varicella\u2010zoster virus, respiratory syncytial and most other respiratory, enteric and arthropod\u2010borne viruses. Improved oral poliovirus vaccines are also urgently required. Their unavailability is attributable to regulatory\/economic factors and the properties of individual viruses, but also to an absence of relevant animal models and ethical problems for the conduct of clinical of trials in pediatric and other critical populations. All are portents of likely difficulties for the licensing of effective vaccines against emerging pathogens, such as avian influenza, Ebola, and Zika viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T11:54:53Z","timestamp":1568116493000},"page":"129-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Why are vaccines against many human viral diseases still unavailable; an historic perspective?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9629-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Tannock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsuh","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital  Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lumin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"What hope for recombinant vaccines? 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