{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:04:13Z","timestamp":1768320253939,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drug resistance has been recognized in all available therapeutic class\u00a0of medications for the management of human immunodeficiency virus\u20101 (HIV\u20101) infected patients. This makes the continuous study of HIV drug resistance and new treatment options pertinent to patients and researchers globally. The aim of this study is to analyze the complete HIV\u20101 integrase gene for the possible occurrence of resistance mutations or polymorphisms. We performed genetic analyses on 48 treatment\u2010naive HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients using nested polymerase chain reaction. Integrase drug\u2010related resistance mutation (DRMs) analysis was performed on all generated sequences according to Stanford HIV drug interpretation program and the International AIDS Society\u2010USA guidelines while phylogenetic analysis was inferred using MEGA 6. The study revealed no major resistance\u2010associated mutation. However, E157Q (2.1%), L74M\/I (4.2%), and P142T (2.1%) were the observed accessory and polymorphic mutations. Naturally occurring polymorphism observed were E11D, K14R, D25E, V31I, M50I, V72I, P90T, F100Y, L101I, T124A, T125A, K136Q, D167E, V201I, L234I, A265V, A269K, D278A, and S283G. Phylogenetic analysis delineated all the sequences as HIV\u20101 subtype C. The study revealed the absence of major integrase inhibitors associated resistance mutations in a setting where integrase inhibitor is administered as salvage therapy in patients developing resistance to first and second\u2010line antiretroviral treatment. However minor and natural polymorphisms were observed and thus may influence the outcome of each treatment regimen. However, additional studies are required to precisely evaluate the impact of these mutations on integrase inhibitors in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T06:24:15Z","timestamp":1577773455000},"page":"1165-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analyses of HIV\u20101 integrase gene sequences among treatment\u2010naive patients in the Eastern Cape, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tennison","family":"Onoriode Digban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Medical Research Council and Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"},{"name":"Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Chucks Iweriebor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University  Ga\u2010Rankuwa Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Chikwelu Obi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University  Ga\u2010Rankuwa Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uchechuwku","family":"Nwodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Medical Research Council and Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"},{"name":"Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Ifeanyi Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Medical Research Council and Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"},{"name":"Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry University of Fort Hare  Alice Eastern Cape South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Unaids Global HIV & AIDS Statistics\u20142018 Fact Sheet 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