{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:49:29Z","timestamp":1787500169918,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Confronting the challenge of the outbreak of COVID\u201019 should sharpen our focus on global drug access as a key issue in antiviral therapy testing. The testing and adoption of effective therapies for novel coronaviruses are hampered by the challenge of conducting controlled studies during a state of emergency. The access to direct antiviral drugs, such as ribavirin, that have an existing inventory and reliable supply chain may be a priority consideration for therapies developed for the 2019\u2010nCoV infection outbreaks and any strain variants that may emerge. On the basis of the direct antiviral activity of ribavirin against 2019\u2010nCoV in vitro and evidence for potency enhancement strategies developed during the prior SARS and MERS outbreaks, ribavirin may significantly impact our ability to end the lingering outbreaks in China and slow outbreaks in other countries. The apparent COVID\u201019 pandemic provides an opportunity to follow dosage guidelines for treatment with ribavirin, test new therapeutic concepts, and conduct controlled testing to apply the scientific rigor required to address the controversy around this mainstay of antiviral therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T05:37:54Z","timestamp":1585546674000},"page":"740-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["Novel coronavirus treatment with ribavirin: Groundwork for an evaluation concerning COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6870-5937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahan S.","family":"Khalili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SystImmune Inc  Redmond Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SystImmune Inc  Redmond Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nga Sze Amanda","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SystImmune Inc  Redmond Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SystImmune Inc  Redmond Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SystImmune Inc  Redmond Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30356-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-0233-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e79"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Lopinavir\/ritonavir ribavirin and IFN\u2010beta combination for nCoV treatment.2020.https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04276688. Accessed March 3 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"ChiCTR2000029387. Comparison of efficacy and safety of three antiviral regimens in patients with mild to moderate 2019\u2010nCoV pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Clinical trial on regularity of TCM syndrome and differentiation treatment of COVID\u201019. (CTOROTSADTOC).2020.https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04306497. Accessed March 13 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Treatment Plan Edition 5 revision edition.2020.http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2020\u201002\/09\/5476407\/files\/765d1e65b7d1443081053c29ad37fb07.pdf. Accessed February 10 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Treatment Plan Edition 5.2020.www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2020\u201002\/05\/5474791\/files\/de44557832ad4be1929091dcbcfca891.pdf. Accessed February 5 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2019\u2010nCoV situation dashboard.http:\/\/who.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/opsdashboard\/index.html#\/c88e37cfc43b4ed3baf977d77e4a0667. Accessed February\u00a021 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70920-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111085598"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-10-2381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80093-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.10.2451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06102-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00010"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Ribavirin in the treatment of SARS: a new trick for an old drug?","volume":"168","author":"Koren G","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4555-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13412-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.21.JOC30885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1230-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1172OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"CD010406","article-title":"Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza","volume":"2","author":"Lansbury L","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30317-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718806115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2576-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01020"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmv.25798","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.25798","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.25798","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.25798","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T21:24:54Z","timestamp":1693949094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.25798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.25798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25798","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}