{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:08:42Z","timestamp":1783462122584,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006364","name":"Institut National Du Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA014089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA014089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI\u2010149365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI\u2010149365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have applied mathematical modeling to investigate the infections of the ongoing coronavirus disease\u20102019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic caused by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus. We first validated our model using the well\u2010studied influenza viruses and then compared the pathogenesis processes between the two viruses. The interaction between host innate and adaptive immune responses was found to be a potential cause for the higher severity and mortality in COVID\u201019 patients. Specifically, the timing mismatch between the two immune responses has a major impact on disease progression. The adaptive immune response of the COVID\u201019 patients is more likely to come before the peak of viral load, while the opposite is true for influenza patients. This difference in timing causes delayed depletion of vulnerable epithelial cells in the lungs in COVID\u201019 patients while enhancing viral clearance in influenza patients. Stronger adaptive immunity in COVID\u201019 patients can potentially lead to longer recovery time and more severe secondary complications. Based on our analysis, delaying the onset of adaptive immune responses during the early phase of infections may be a potential treatment option for high\u2010risk COVID\u201019 patients. Suppressing the adaptive immune response temporarily and avoiding its interference with the innate immune response may allow the innate immunity to more efficiently clear the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T14:30:56Z","timestamp":1588343456000},"page":"1615-1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Mathematical modeling of interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses in COVID\u201019 and implications for viral pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Sean Quan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiming","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S1-S7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1529"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1637-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"ZhaoYZZ WangY ZhouY MaY ZuoW.Single\u2010cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2 the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019\u2010nCov.BioRxiv.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WuCZ ChenS ZhengY. 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