{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:28:55Z","timestamp":1790674135584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pakistan has the second\u2010highest burden of hepatitis C patients in the world. A total of 683 individuals, who visited the Liver Clinic during the study period, were screened for the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A total of 534 individuals who showed positive HCV infection were grouped into the case group and 149 individuals with HCV negative status were grouped into the control group. A detailed questionnaire was used to\u00a0collect\u00a0demographic, clinical, HCV risk factor, and familial clustering data. HCV familial clustering was found in 30.1% in the case group compared with 17.4% in the control group. We also found 17% of patients had spouses who were also infected with HCV compared to 4% spouse infection in the control group. Only 3.7% of patients had HCV positive mothers. These results were further expanded by regression analysis that showed that family history and sexual history are independent risk factors for transmission of hepatitis C infection and mother's history has no significance as a risk factor for transmission. The major risk factor for getting HCV infection are dental procedures, unsafe injections, surgery, and blood transfusions. There is a strong need to increase awareness about HCV transmission routes among positive patients to reduce the chances of HCV familial clustering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T12:32:27Z","timestamp":1587558747000},"page":"3499-3506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Familial clustering of hepatitis C virus in a Pakistani population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Zubia","family":"Jamil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Foundation University Medical College Foundation University Islamabad  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Lab, Foundation University Medical College Foundation University Islamabad  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Foundation University Medical College Foundation University Islamabad  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzammil H.","family":"Najmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Foundation University Medical College Foundation University Islamabad  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Besti Cadwaladar University Health Board  North Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","article-title":"Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016\u20102021","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Hepat Program Dep HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","article-title":"Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study","author":"The Polaris Observatory Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-5079.2018.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i44.4959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30994-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4853"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5592-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.20797"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S129681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.140681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"S521","article-title":"Household transmission of hepatitis C virus infection, Punjab, India","volume":"12","author":"Trickey A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.3.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a5027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Sexual transmission of hepatitis C: a rare event among heterosexual couples","volume":"4","author":"Dodge JL","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Coagul Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.05267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2003.tb00738.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Dental treatment as a risk factor for hepatitis B and C viral infection. 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