{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:46:01Z","timestamp":1769550361684,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81170004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81170004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary methicillin\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) infection is a cause of severe pneumonia with high mortality during influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) mount cellular defenses against IAV and MRSA infection, which occurs via the\u00a0nucleotide\u2010binding domain\u2010like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. However, the activity and function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection remain unclear. To clarify this, we studied MRSA infection secondary to IAV both in vitro and in mouse model. The expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. The lung pathology and the rate of weight change were observed. We found that IAV infection for 1 week activated NLRP3 inflammasome. The enhanced expression of NLRP3, caspase\u20101, and cleaved caspase\u20101 was associated with MRSA infection secondary to IAV, but the expression of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 decreased in superinfection with MRSA both in vitro and in vivo. The aggravated inflammatory pathology in MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection was associated with decreased expression of IL\u20101\u03b2. And increased weight loss in MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection was related to decreased concentration of IL\u20101\u03b2 in serum. It infers that superinfection with MRSA reduces expression of IL\u20101\u03b2 someway, and decreased expression of IL\u20101\u03b2 impairs the host immunity and leads to aggravated pneumonia. These results contributed to our understanding of the detailed activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL\u20101\u03b2, and their relationship with aggravation of MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection. Immunotherapy targeting the IL\u20101\u03b2 signaling pathway could be possible therapeutic strategy for secondary MRSA pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T14:42:59Z","timestamp":1595428979000},"page":"3047-3056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Aggravated MRSA pneumonia secondary to influenza A virus infection is derived from decreased expression of IL\u20101\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0832-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Institute of 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