{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:52:58Z","timestamp":1790488378358,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]],"date-time":"2020-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Testing is one of the commendable measures for curbing the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019). But, it should be done using the most appropriate specimen and an accurate diagnostic test such as real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR). Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to determine the positive detection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) in different clinical specimens using qRT\u2010PCR. A total of 8136 pooled clinical specimens were analyzed to detect SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, the majority were nasopharyngeal swabs (69.6%). A lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens had a positive rate (PR) of 71.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 60.3%\u201082.3%) while no virus was detected in the urinogenital specimens. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLF) specimen had the PR of 91.8% (95% CI: 79.9%\u2010103.7%), followed by rectal swabs; 87.8% (95% CI: 78.6%\u201096.9%) then sputum; 68.1% (95% CI: 56.9%\u201079.4%). A low PR was observed in oropharyngeal swabs; 7.6% (95% CI: 5.7%\u20109.6%) and blood samples; 1.0% (95% CI: \u22120.1%\u20102.1%) whereas no SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 was detected in urine samples. Feces had a PR of 32.8% (95% CI:1 5.8%\u201049.8%). Nasopharyngeal swab, a widely used specimen had a PR of 45.5% (95% CI: 31.2%\u201059.7%). In this study, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 was highly detected in LRT specimens while no virus was detected in urinogenital specimens. BLF had the highest PR followed by rectal swab then sputum. Nasopharyngeal swab which is widely used had moderate PR. Low PR was recorded in oropharyngeal swab and blood samples while no virus was found in urine samples. Last, the virus was detected in feces, suggesting SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 transmission by the fecal route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T08:50:48Z","timestamp":1595580648000},"page":"719-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Detection profile of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 using RT\u2010PCR in different types of clinical specimens: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4867-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George M.","family":"Bwire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mtebe V.","family":"Majigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda J.","family":"Njiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akili","family":"Mawazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allied Health Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Single\u2010cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019\u2010nCov","author":"Zhao Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv [Internet]"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.009"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Detection of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in different types of clinical specimens","volume":"323","author":"Wang W","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA\u2014J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"EastM CommitteeI WhoE SurveillanceGLaboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) in suspected human cases.2019.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta\u2010analysis protocols (prisma\u2010p) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer L","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ [Internet]"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mla.2011.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0817-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-80"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Persistence of chloroquine resistance alleles in malaria endemic countries: a systematic review of burden and risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Ocan M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J [Internet]"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HerzogR \u00c1lvarez\u2010pasquinMJ D\u00edazC et al. 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