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Differentially Expressed Genes were identified. Gene ontology and pathways were functionally enriched, and networking was constructed in NetworkAnalyst. Lastly, the correlation between post\u2010BCG vaccination and COVID\u201019 transcriptome signatures was established. A total of 161 DEGs (113 upregulated DEGs and 48 downregulated genes) were identified in the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 group. In the pathway enrichment analysis, a cross\u2010reference of upregulated Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes\u00a0pathways in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 with downregulated counterparts in the BCG\u2010vaccinated group, resulted in the intersection of 45 common pathways, accounting for 86.5% of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 upregulated pathways. Of these intersecting pathways, a vast majority were immune and inflammatory pathways with top significance in interleukin\u201017, tumor necrosis factor, NOD\u2010like receptors, and nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB signaling pathways. Given the inverse relationship of the specific differentially expressed gene pathways highlighted in our results, the BCG\u2010vaccine may play\u00a0a protective role against COVID\u201019 by mounting a nonspecific immunological response and further investigation of this relationship is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T09:39:39Z","timestamp":1606901979000},"page":"1950-1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hidden in plain sight: The effects of BCG vaccination in the COVID\u201019 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Eman A.","family":"Toraih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Genetics Unit,\u00a0Department of Histology and Cell Biology Suez Canal University  Ismailia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Sedhom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titilope M.","family":"Dokunmu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"College of Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry Covenant University  Ota Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle M. 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