{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:50:43Z","timestamp":1762876243358,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of antihypertensives, especially Renin\u2013Angiotensin\u2013Aldosterone System\u00a0inhibitors, is still debatable in COVID\u201019\u2010related severity and outcome. Therefore, we search for a more global analysis of antihypertensive medication in relation to SAS\u2010CoV\u20102 severity using prescription data worldwide. The association between the percentage use of different types of antihypertensive medications and mortality rates due to a SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection during the first 3 weeks of the pandemic was analyzed using random effects linear regression models for 30 countries worldwide. Higher percentages\u00a0of prescribed angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, 95% confidence interval [CI]; \u22120.02 [\u22120.04 to\u00a0\u22120.0012]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.042) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, 95% CI; \u22120.023 [\u22120.05 to \u22120.0028]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0304) were associated with a lower first 3\u2010week SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010related death rate, whereas a higher percentage\u00a0of prescribed angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, 95% CI; 0.03 [0.0061\u20130.05]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0103) was associated with a higher first 3\u2010week death rate, even when adjusted for age and metformin use. There was no association between the amount of prescribed beta\u2010blockers (BBs) and diuretics (Diu) and the first 3\u2010week death rate. When analyzing the combination of drugs that is used by at least 50% of antihypertensive users, within the different countries, countries with the lowest first 3\u2010week death rates had at least an angiotensin receptor blocker as one of the most often prescribed antihypertensive medications (ARBs\/CCBs:\u00a0[<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, 95% CI; \u22120.02 [\u22120.03 to \u22120.004]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.009], ARBs\/BBs: [<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, 95% CI; \u22120.03 [\u22120.05 to \u22120.006]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01]). Finally, countries prescribing high\u2010potency ARBs\u00a0had lower first 3\u2010week ARBs. In conclusion, ARBs and CCB seem\u00a0to have a protective effect against death from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T19:06:03Z","timestamp":1610046363000},"page":"2467-2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antihypertensives and their relation to mortality by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9338-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio\u2010Informatics Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Widrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytics Solutions IQVIA Nederland Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Nap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytics and Technology Solutions IQVIA Nederland Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"Schokker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IQVIA, Real World Solutions Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aeilko H.","family":"Zwinderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio\u2010Informatics Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara\u2010Joan","family":"Pinto\u2010Sietsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio\u2010Informatics Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.017129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00074.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90488.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043919-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23421"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.17.20104943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.11.20125849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.23.20111401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.19.20106799"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31030-8"}],"container-title":["Journal 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