{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T18:03:50Z","timestamp":1778954630992,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(No. 82071802)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No. 82071802)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20JCZDJC00300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JCZDJC00300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 18JCZDJC35800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 18JCZDJC35800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Evidence in the literature suggests that air pollution exposure affects outcomes of patients with COVID\u201019. However, the extent of this effect requires further investigation. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between long\u2010term exposure to air pollution and the case fatality rate (CFR) of patients with COVID\u201019. The data on air quality index (AQI), PM2.5, PM10, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> from 14 major cities in China in the past 5 years (2015\u20132020) were collected, and the CRF of COVID\u201019 patients in these cities was calculated. First, we investigated the correlation between CFR and long\u2010term air quality indicators. Second, we examined the air pollutants affecting CFR and evaluated their predictive values. We found a positive correlation between the CFR and AQI (1, 3, and 5 years), PM2.5 (1, 3, and 5 years), and PM10 (1, 3, and 5 years). Further analysis indicated the more significant correlation for both AQI (3 and 5 years) and PM2.5 (1, 3, and 5 years) with CFR, and moderate predictive values for air pollution indicators such as AQI (1, 3, and 5 years) and PM2.5 (1, 3, and 5 years) for CFR. Our results indicate that long\u2010term exposure to severe air pollution is associated with higher CFR of COVID\u201019 patients. Air pollutants such as PM2.5 may assist with the prediction of CFR for COVID\u201019 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T13:35:39Z","timestamp":1611149739000},"page":"2938-2946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impact of a long\u2010term air pollution exposure on the case fatality rate of COVID\u201019 patients\u2014A multicity study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Chang\u2010kai","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010fei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan\u2010lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin\u2010yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO declares COVID\u201019 a pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25757"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Hypertension and its severity or mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019): a pooled analysis","volume":"130","author":"Lippi G","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Case\u2010fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID\u201019 in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Onder G","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140244"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"100047","article-title":"Urban air pollution may enhance COVID\u201019 case\u2010fatality and mortality rates in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Liang D","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv: the preprint server for health sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and COVID\u201019 mortality in the United States: a nationwide cross\u2010sectional study","author":"Wu X","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-2-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2730-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00274-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-100864"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701665434"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1862OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138605"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.26807","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.26807","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.26807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T12:09:48Z","timestamp":1693310988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.26807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.26807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26807","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}